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From Flashcardlet > Micro Exam 3 Answers > Flashcards

Micro Exam 3 Answers Flashcards

1
Q

recombinatnt plasmid DNA is introduced into a bacterial cell using calcium and rapid chilling or electroporation

A

transformation

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2
Q

contains genes for pilus development

A

F Plasmid

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3
Q

Naturally competent in transformation contain this…

A

special DNA binding proteins

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4
Q

inhibits bacterial growth, but does not kill the cell

A

bacteriostatic

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5
Q

any host may get packaged into the particle instead of the virus genome

A

generalized transduction

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6
Q

usually a palindromic sequence (inverted repeat)

A

restriction site

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7
Q

When plasmid DNA is transferred during CONJUCATION what happens

A

single strand of plasmid DNA is transferred to recipient cell

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8
Q

1 gene=

A

1000 base pairs

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9
Q

Live Smooth Cells, Griffith Strep

A
  • Immune cannot kill encapsulated bacteria
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10
Q

Heat Killed Smooth Cells

A

alive

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11
Q

R Cells, Rough

A
  • no capsule, not pathogenic
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12
Q

Rough Cells + Heat Killed Capsule

A
  • heat killed S Cells TRANSFORMED the live R cells into live S cells!
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13
Q

in Griffith’s experiment the mice went through…

A

transformation

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14
Q

synctia

A

fusion of multiple nuclei

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15
Q

naked

A

has no envelope and no nucleus

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16
Q

synctia must be

A

enveloped

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17
Q

Kills the host cell

A

lytic viruses

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18
Q

single strand exchange single strand from DNA. Nearly same sequence

A

homologous recombination

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19
Q

toxins responsible for scarlet fever, diphtheria are encoded by

A

lysogenic bacteriophages

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20
Q

addition of a nucleotide from a gene sequence results in a ( ) mutation

A

frameshift

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21
Q

a base substitution of adi(purine for guani (purine) in a point mutation is called-

A

transition

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22
Q

wrong purine and prymidine match up in point mutation

A

transversion

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23
Q

conjugation with an Hfr cell, the recipient cell-

A

undergoes high rate of homologous recombination

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24
Q

What does sulbactam and clavulanic acid do

A

inactivate beta lactamase

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25
Q

Anionic detergent

A

removes microbes

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26
Q

Quat/Cationic Detergent

A

disrupts membranes

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27
Q

Phenolic

A

disrupts membranes

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28
Q

Halogen

A

inactivates proteins

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29
Q

Triclosan

A

inhibits fatty acid synthesis

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30
Q

inhibit folic acid synthesis

A

sulfonamides

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31
Q

inhibit crosslinking in the cell wall

A

cephalosporins

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32
Q

penicillins

A

inhibit crosslinking in the cell wall

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33
Q

inhibit dna gyrase

A

quinolones

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34
Q

tetracyclines

A

inhibit protein synthesis

35
Q

Causes hearing loss and kidney damage

A

Aminoglycosides

36
Q

the number of plasmid molecules that are maintained in a bacterial cell

A

copy number

37
Q

RNA Dependent DNA polymerase is an example of

A

reverse transcriptase

38
Q

virus uncoats and RNA is used as template to Make DNA

A

retroviruses

39
Q

A virus that immediately is translated upon entering cell

A

plus strand RNA

40
Q

When HPV spreads from female to male

A

transformation

41
Q

Plus strand RNA

A

uses RDRO to make a minus strand to use as a template to make plus strand copies

42
Q

Must carry a polymerase protein in its virus particle

A

Minus RNA viruses

43
Q

this gene is NEVER encoded in any virus genome

A

envelopes

44
Q

lysogeny

A

temperate viruses, specialized transduction

45
Q

Sigma Factor

A

regulate transcription in bacteriophage T4

46
Q

plasmids integrate into a bacerial chromosome using Insertion Sequence

A

homologous recombination

47
Q

Transposase

A
  • recognizes inverted terminal repeats and moves an insertion sequence
  • WITHOUT homology
48
Q

what MUST have an F-Plasmid

A

conjugation

49
Q
A
  1. histidine is not growing, ampicillin is growing
  2. histiding IS growing, ampicillin is NOT

Looking for the absense- Auxotrophs + antibiotic resistance

50
Q

Where is the genome for the virus that infects parasitic wasps located?

A

in the wasp’s genome

51
Q

Forming a stable genetic relationship when integrating phage into hose is called

A

lysogeny

52
Q

the Ames Test measures

A

a point mutation of an auxotroph back to wild type

53
Q

Auxotrophy literally means

A

increase nourishment. the INABILITY of an organism to synthesize an organic compound.

54
Q

Histidine is

A

an essential amino acid in humans and mammals

55
Q

In an ames test, if there is any presence of growth this means…

A

colonies can make histidine

56
Q

What does a viral titer detect?

A

killing of host from concentration of viral particles.

57
Q

What is the formula for PFU/mL

A
  • # of particles x DF / mL
  • Example :200 x 100/ .1=
  • 2 with 5 zeroes.
58
Q
A
59
Q

The tail on bacteriphage T4 is used to

A

inject T4 DNA into host

60
Q

When a virus like herpes replicates sporadically

A

latency

61
Q

Infectious protein that has no nucleic acid

A

Prion

62
Q

Circular RNA causes plant disease, and lacks a protein coat

A

Viroid

63
Q

Prion Diseases x 4

A
  1. Dementia
  2. Mad Cow Disease
  3. Scrapie
  4. Kuru
64
Q

How do you sterilize prions

A

incinerate to ash

65
Q

Define Sterility in three words

A

microbes non- viable

66
Q

Disinfection define

A

reduction of microbes

67
Q

What type of control must be used to ensure autoclave acutally is sterilizing properly

A

endospores

68
Q

1) Temperature 2) Pressure 3) Time using an autoclave

A
  1. 121 oC
  2. 15 Minutes
  3. 15 psi
69
Q

Define a superbug

A

A microbe that is resitant to antibiotics and hard to get rid of

70
Q

Symmetry for rodlike animal viruses

A

helical

71
Q

Symmetry for spherical animal viruses

A

icosahedral

72
Q

Why would an enveloped virus be NON-VIABLE by disinfectant, such as quat. Where naked virus would remain viable

A

because it disrupts the membrane

73
Q

Why would an enveloped virus treated with quat no longer infect host cells

A

requires spikes

74
Q

What is it called what prions increase in number in a host

A

Conversion

75
Q

What does HEPA stand for

A

High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters

76
Q

3 Methods used to sterilize plasticware

A
  1. Radiation
  2. UV rays
  3. Gamma
77
Q

3 Major Ways bacteria exchange genetic material

A
  1. Transduction
  2. Transformation
  3. Conjugation
78
Q

How do animal viruses gain entry to host cells

A

RECEPTORS allows for entry

79
Q

Viruses are not living because

A

they have no metabolism

80
Q

Explain what you have to do t clone the gene an insert it into a vector

A
  1. Cut vector with Hindi III
  2. Insert with Hindi III for sticky ends
  3. Ligate
81
Q

How will you INTRODUCE E.coli that contain your vector/plasmid

A

Transform Calcium chilling or electroporation or competent cells

82
Q

Ho will you SELECT for E.Coli with your vector/plasmid

A
  • Ampicillin resistance
  • put ampicillin in media
83
Q

How do you distinguis E.coli with your gene from those without

A
  • LacZ’ polylinker.
  • Xgal in media changes color when cleaves
  • White colonies= hope, blue colonies= negative, non recombinant
84
Q
A

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