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From Flashcardlet > Micro Exam 5 > Flashcards

Micro Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the science of med micro begin

A

Pasteur/Koch isolated microbes and linked to disease “germ theory”

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2
Q

What were death rates in 1900

A

800 deaths

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3
Q

What were death reates in 2000

A

80 deaths

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4
Q

5 Ways to be Prophylaxis

A
  1. Education
  2. Vaccination
  3. Hand-washing
  4. Safe Sex
  5. Safe food handling
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5
Q

What direction must be taken to combat infectious disease in the future?

A

prophylaxis not treatment

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6
Q

Is staphylococcus gram - or gram +?

A

Gram +

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7
Q

How does S. aureus get transfered?

A
  1. conjugation (plasmids)
  2. transduction (bacteriophage)
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8
Q

Allow bacteria to cause disease

A

Virulence factors

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9
Q

How does S.Aureus spread

A

contact

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10
Q

MRSA stands for

A

Methicillin Resistant S. Aureus

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11
Q

Where can S.Aureus be found as normal flora?

A
  1. nose
  2. mouth
  3. large intestine
  4. small intestine
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12
Q

Where did the word staphylococcus orginate

A

grapes

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13
Q

Where did aureus orginate?

A

gold

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways Virulence Factors get passed?

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transduction
  3. transformation
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15
Q

8 types of S. Aureus Virulence Factors

A
  1. Protein A
  2. Coagulase
  3. Capsule
  4. Cytolytic
  5. Leukocidin
  6. Exfoliative
  7. Toxic Shock
  8. Enterotoxin
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16
Q

Binds to Fc portion of antibodies

A

Protein A

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17
Q

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

coagulase

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18
Q

prevents phagocytosis

A

capsule

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19
Q

disrupt cell membranes

A

cytolytic toxins

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20
Q

kills white blood cells

A

leukocidin

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21
Q

What disolves proteins that hold skin together?

A

Exfoliative Toxins

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22
Q

What virulence factor causes massive inflammation

A

Toxic Shock

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23
Q

What virulence factor causes food poisoning?

A

enterotoxin

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24
Q

What is a typical staph initiating infection

A

Abscess

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25
Q

What is a swollen area in the body that has an accumulation of pus

A

abscess

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26
Q

What are 4 common infections caused by Staph

A
  1. BTBP
  2. Blood
  3. Tissue
  4. Bone
  5. Pneumonia
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27
Q

What makes MRSA a superbug?

A

resistant to antibiotics; can infect healthy people

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28
Q

What are symptoms of Toxic Shock x4

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Fever
  3. Massive Exfoliation
  4. Stawberry Tongue
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29
Q

How does Toxic Shock Kill?

A

massive T-Cell Reaction response to TSS-1

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30
Q

How can men get toxic shock

A

infected wounds

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31
Q

What are symptoms of Scaled Skin Syndrome?

A
  1. Skin peels off in sheets
  2. loss of first line of defense
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32
Q

What is the virulence factor for scaled skin disease?

A

Exfoliative Toxin

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33
Q

Which toxin is NOT in Gram +?

A

Endotoxin

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34
Q

Outer membrane toxin

A

endotoxin

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35
Q

Secreted Toxin

A

Exotoxin

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36
Q

What is the name of the exotoxin that causes vomiting and diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxin

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37
Q

Why is enterotoxin NOT an infection?

A

grown in large nnumbers in food, secrete as superantigen. OVER IN A DAY

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38
Q

When does food poisoning occur?

A

2-3 hours after eating

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39
Q

How long does food poisoning last?

A

24 hours

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40
Q

What is the gram reaction for enteros?

A

Negative

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41
Q

(Short Answer) Tame 3 Genera of Coliforms

A
  1. Citrobacter
  2. Eschericia
  3. Enterobacter
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42
Q

(Short Answer) Name 3 Primary Pathogens of Entero Family

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. Shigella
  3. Yersinia
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43
Q

Where are coliforms found in the body?

A

Intestinal Tract

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44
Q

Endogenes

A

internal septic shock

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45
Q

Exogenous

A

external, fecal oral route

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46
Q

What is the genus and species that causes UTI’s

A

Eschericia coli

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47
Q

5F’s of how enterics are spread

A
  1. Feces
  2. Fingers
  3. Food
  4. Fomites
  5. Flies
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48
Q

(Short Answer) EHEC stands for?

A

Entero Hemorrhagic Eschericia Coli

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49
Q

What is the serotype for EHEC

A

0157: h7

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50
Q

Where is EHEC found in nature?

A

Cow feces their normal flora

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51
Q

3 Ways Type III resembles Flagella

A
  1. Syringe injector anchored to cell membrane, resemble basal structures
  2. syringe injection same ancestor as genes that encode flagella
  3. both arose from simpler primordial secretin system
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52
Q

What happens when EHEC is ijected to cytoplasm?

A

disrupts structing causing actin to push up; forms a pedestal, destroys microvilli

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53
Q

What is it called when EHEC disrupts cytoplas?

A

attaching & effacing lesion

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54
Q

Symptoms of Attaching & Effacing Lesion?

A

watery diarrhea

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55
Q

How does EHEC get verotoxin

A

previous infection with lysogenic bacteriophage

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56
Q

What are illnesses cause by verotoxin x3?

A
  1. Capillary Thrombosis
  2. Hemorrage Collitis
  3. HUS
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57
Q

HUS stands for?

A

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (caused by verotoxin)

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58
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be given for EHEC?

A

because dying EHEC release massive amounts of verotoxin

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59
Q

What type of patient is highly susceptible to EHEC

A

children can die, a little toxin does more damage in a tiny body

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60
Q

EHEC prevention x4

A
  1. handling meat
  2. 160 degrees meat temp
  3. separate cutting boards from meat + veggies
  4. wash hands
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61
Q

What has a rod shape and Gram + like cell wall?

A

Mycobacteria

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62
Q

Where does mycolic acid attach?

A
  • modified peptidoglycan
  • has N-glycoymuramic acid instead of NAM
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63
Q

Why can’t mycolic acid use gram staining?

A
  1. Too Waxy
  2. Will not release dye even with strong acid
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64
Q

What type of staining is used for Mycobacterium?

A

Acid Fast

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65
Q

What type of microscopy increases ability to detect positive smears for TB?

A

Fluorescence

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66
Q

Why does flourescece work for myco?

A

bind to mycolic acid, resist decolorizing

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67
Q

What makes mycos viable for such a long time?

A

waxy cell walls and withstand toxicity to disinfectants

68
Q

(Short Answer) 4 members of Mycobacterium Complex

A
  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  2. M. bovis
  3. M. microti
  4. M.Africanum
69
Q

2 Ways TB is acquired?

A
  1. Inhaling bacteria
  2. raw milk
70
Q

How many organisms does it take to initiate tb infection?

A

10

71
Q

What is the way TB initially spreads (externally)

A

coughing

72
Q

Where does TB enter?

A

alveoli in lungs

73
Q

How does TB spread inside the body?

A

in the blood

74
Q

Which organs are effects by TB x6

A
  1. liver
  2. spleen
  3. kidney
  4. bone
  5. brain
  6. meninges
75
Q

When TB is walled off by immunse system, what is the resulting nodule?

A

Tubercle

76
Q

Granuloma =

A

Tubercle

77
Q

What is a granuloma comprised of?

A
  • multinucleated cells fuse with langhands and angry macrophages
78
Q

What lies in the center of tubercle?

A

Caseos Necrosis

79
Q

What makes the cheeselike consistency of caseous necrosis

A
  • release reactive enzymes and oxidative from macrophages
80
Q

When TB bacteria is NOT shedding?

A

walled off, Tb INFECTED

81
Q

What percentage of world populated is infected with TB?

A

1/3

82
Q

What defines TB DISEASE?

A

REactivation (active shedding), NO tubercle

83
Q

What type of immune response is positive TB?

A

delayed hypersensitivty

84
Q

How long will a person remain positive for skin test

A

life. MEMORY CELLS

85
Q

How long are TB bacteria viable

A

decades

86
Q

Why do AIDS patients have 100% reactivation rate for TB disease?

A

Reduced Immunity, without immunity can’t stay walled off.

87
Q

How long do labs diagnose an acid fast stain slide

A

30 minutes

88
Q

When can a patient be taken out of quarantine

A

after 3 consecutive negative cultures and smears

89
Q

What are the 3 subsequent tests prior to skin test for TB?

A
  1. Chest Xray
  2. Acid Fast STain
  3. Positive Culture
90
Q

What is the generation time for TB?

A

15-20 hours

91
Q

How long does a cultured TB test take?

A

3 weeks +

92
Q

Why are multiple drugs used for TB treatment?

A

getting antimicrobials into walled off tubercles

93
Q

Why is vaccine for TB not used for in the U.S.

A

turns skin test +, we would have to test for TB disease..shedding

94
Q

MAC stands for?

A

Mycobacterium Avium Complex

95
Q

2 Members of MAC

A
  1. Mycobacterium aviium
  2. M.intracellulare
96
Q

How are MAC organisms acquired?

A

environmental sources

97
Q

MAC vs. M. TB Complex?

A
  • Mac do not need quarantine unless infected with a member of M.TB complex
98
Q

2 Reasons AIDS patients are at high risk for TB disease?

A
  1. many develop with MAC
  2. Immunosuppression
  3. Immediate revert to TB disease
99
Q
A
  1. Matrix Proteins
  2. Neuraminidase
  3. Hemagglutinin
  4. RNA polymerase
100
Q
A

5) RNA Endonuclease
6) Envelope
7) RNA genome (wrapped in n.protein)

101
Q

Allows influenza virus to bind?

A

neuraminidase

102
Q

Allows virus to enter cell?

A

Hemagglutinin

103
Q

RdRp Replicates RNA

A

viral RNA Polymerase

104
Q

disable host mRNA

A

RNA Endonuclease

105
Q

Membrane from last host

A

envelope

106
Q

8 segments wrapped in nucleoprotein?

A

RNA genome

107
Q

What is the shape of influenza virus?

A

helical

108
Q

Structural ability to envelope?

A

Matrix Proteins

109
Q

What type of nucleic acid is influenza?

A

enveloped

110
Q

What sense is influenza?

A

Minus-Sense RNA

111
Q

How many segments of nucleic aid are in infulenza?

A

8

112
Q

What are the 2 different spike proteins?

A
  1. Hemogglutinin
  2. Neuraminidase
113
Q

What is another name for psike proteins?

A

glycoproteins

114
Q

What does RNA endonuclease do for virus?

A

snips 5’ terminal ends from host cell mRNA, so can no longer be translated.

115
Q

What does RdRp do for virus?

A

use minus strand to sthesize plus trand in cytoplasm

116
Q

Type of polymerase carried by influenza?

A

RNA

117
Q

2 different strains of virus that infect same cell at the same time, is called?

A

reassortment

118
Q

What do the 8 segements do for the virus?

A

reassortnment, antigenic shift, antigenic drift

119
Q

Genomes swap w/ 2 parental viruses infecting same cell?

A

antigenic shift

120
Q

Normal point mutation from error prone polymerase

A

antigenic drift

121
Q

Why do we need reevaccinate every year?

A

swapping causes major changes in virus progeny and can generate completely new virus, different from parent

122
Q

Involves entire continents?

A

pandemic

123
Q

Large area infection, i.e. whole states?

A

epidemic

124
Q

Multiple people in defined area are infection, i.e. dorm

A

outbreak

125
Q

2 Neurominidase inhibitors

A
  1. Tamiflu
  2. Relenza
126
Q

What is the mutation rate for influenza?

A

1.5 x 10-5/ nucleotide

127
Q

How many nucleotides of influenza?

A

13,588

128
Q

How many possible mutation for influenza?

A

12

129
Q

5 ways HIV is transmitted?

A
  1. Intercourse
  2. Breast feeding
  3. blood products
  4. IV drugs
  5. contact with bodily fluids
130
Q

What type of nucleic acid is HIV?

A

enveloped

131
Q

What sense is HIV

A

plus sense RNA

132
Q

How many virus particles does HIV carry

A

2 copies

133
Q

What is the shape of HIV

A

icosahedral

134
Q

What type of virus is HIV

A

retrovirus, reverse transcriptitase

135
Q

2 types of virus encoded spikes on envelope of HIV

A
  1. gp120
  2. gp41
136
Q

Who is responsisble for attachment of host receptor

A

gp120

137
Q

Responsible for virus entry in target cell

A

gp41

138
Q

What is the target cell for HIV

A

T-helper or CD4 (receptor)

139
Q

What is the corerecptor for HIV?

A

CCR5

140
Q

What is the docking site for HIV to bind

A

CD4 & CCR5

141
Q

If you do not have CCr5 what does that mean for HIV infection?

A

cannot be infected

142
Q

What is the most error prone polymerase

A

Reverse Transcriptase

143
Q

What virus mutates more rapidly than any other

A

HIV

144
Q

Why does HIV carry a spare tire?

A

If a genome becomes non-viable

145
Q

How does virus infect helper T-cell?

A

buds out

146
Q

How does HIV enter cell membrane

A

target cells allow fusion

147
Q

What cannot survive HIV infection

A

synctia

148
Q

How many T-cells can an infected cell fuse with

A

50

149
Q

What does reduction of helper T-cells lead to?

A

dysfunction of humoral and cell mediated response

150
Q

When does HIV become AIDS?

A

when we can no longer mount immune response, acquired opportunistic infections

151
Q

Common Diseases from AIDS

A

Thrush, Shingles, TB, Herpes

152
Q

AIDS stands for

A

Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

153
Q

HIV stands for

A

Human Immuno Defficiency Virus

154
Q

HAART stands for?

A

Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy

155
Q

What percent is infected with HIV in Africa

A

40%

156
Q

Name 2 Opportunistic Fungal Infections

A
  1. Candida Albicans
  2. Pneumocystsis Carinii (jiroveci)

RED FLAG FOR AIDS DISEASE

157
Q

What is Thrush

A

Candida Albicans infection of the tongue. FIRST, because it invades

158
Q

How can pneumocystis be treated

A

prophylaxis, Trimthoprim & Sulfamethoxazole

159
Q

How do Sulfamethoxzole and Trimethoprim stop bugs

A

block folic acid

160
Q

How many people have HIV

A

1 in 200

161
Q

from broncheoalveolar lavage

A

pnemocytosis jiroveci

162
Q

When herpes reactivates causing sores all over the face

A

shingles, no treatment

163
Q

A tumor causes by human herpes virus 8

A

kaposi sarcoma

164
Q

5 Haart treatment drugs

A
  1. 2 Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
  2. Protease Inhibitor
  3. 1 fusion inhibitor
  4. integrase inhibitor
  5. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole
165
Q

HIV Virus labeled

A

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