12

Question 1

what is the chain of infection

Answer 1

modes of transmission
portals of entry
susceptible host
infectious agents
resivoirs
portals of exit

Question 2

Ro

Answer 2

Reproduction rate- how contageous a pathogen is

Question 3

what can describe malaria and chicken pox

Answer 3

they are endemic- outbreaks are predictable and constant

Question 4

what pathogen has to be inside a vesicle

Answer 4

bacteria and parasites and fungi dont go in a cell

Question 5

what are the symptoms of long covid

Answer 5

viral persistence
immune dysregulation
microbiome dysbiosis
endothelial inflamation
neuronal inflamation
mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 6

why were civets thought to be intermediate species

Answer 6

becasue their sars-like CoV has more than 99% nucleotide homology

Question 7

what are the stages of animal to human pathogen evolution

Answer 7

agent only in animal
primary infection
limited outbreak
long outbreak
exclusive human agent

Question 8

what is the second stage of animal to human pathogen evolution called

Answer 8

primary infection

Question 9

how do antibodies help with viruses

Answer 9

they can directly neutralize the virus or

help NK cells recognize the virally infected cell- ADCC

Question 10

where is HCV found

Answer 10

in the liver- tissue tropism

Question 11

genetic determinants of susceptibility

Answer 11

species level- protein homology
individual level- allelic variation can increase or decrease suscpetibility

Question 12

what are the three 3 respiratory modes of transmission of infections

Answer 12

aerosolized droplets that are inhaled
larger droplets that land on mucosal membranes
fomites that are deposition on contact surfaces

Question 13

what are the factors affecting respoitarty infection transmission

Answer 13

physical characteristcs
time
humidity
air flow
pathogen load

Question 14

symptoms of polio

Answer 14

FLU LIKE

Question 15

Polio eradication

Answer 15

resurgence in africa

Question 16

one detected case of polio in

Answer 16

2022

Question 17

how does the influenza and spanish flu virus work

Answer 17

has segmented genome

8 RNA that each encode for one of the viral proteins and the organism requires one of each 8 RNAs to be virulent but the similarity between viral species are similar enough for them to be able to mix and match and complement one another

does gene reassortment- antigenic shift

point mutations- antigenic drift

Question 18

original antigenic sin/ imprinting

Answer 18

stronger response to a virus antigen that was previously recognized even though it has some new antigens

Question 19

where does the herpes zoster virus stay latent

Answer 19

in sensory neurons

Question 20

what does herpes zoster code for

Answer 20

varicella and chicken pox

Question 20

what is shingles

Answer 20

a re activation of chicken pox virus

Question 21

what does measels do to you

Answer 21

wipes out your immune memory making you suscpetible to diseases and reduces your antibody repitoir

Question 21

what is the symptom for measels

Answer 21

topik spots lots of complications

Question 21

what is subacute schlerotic panencephalitis

Answer 21

occurs 7-19 years after you recover from mealsels and is leathal and inc risk if you got measels before the age of 2

Question 21

another name for cytokine storm

Answer 21

cytokine release syndromw

Question 22

what does cytokine storm in lungs lead to

Answer 22

acute respiratory distress syndrome ADRS

Question 23

what does an unregulated and dexaggerated release of inflamatory cytokines lead to

Answer 23

localized and systemic acute phase response mediated by hyperactivation of immune cells

Question 24

how do bacteria evad the immune system

Answer 24

secrete proteases to degarade IgA gram positive and some gram negative bacteria are resistant to complement mediated lysis some bacterial surface structures like fibrin and M protein inhibit phagocytic cells and some can evade phagolysosomes in the cytosol

Question 25

example of bacteria that degrades IgA

Answer 25

N gonorrhoeae

Question 26

example of bacteria that evades phagolyssosme

Answer 26

mycobacteria tuberculosis

Question 27

how does mycobacteria tuberculosis work

Answer 27

replicates inside cells and inhibits phagolysosome formation caues formation of granuloma inside tubercle release of lytic enzymes damages healthy tissue but infection is contained antibiotics cant penetrade inside granuloma very well

Question 28

what are the two types of parasites

Answer 28

protozoa and helminths

Question 29

protozoa

Answer 29

unicellular live and replicate in host some require intermediate host like malaria and trypanomiasis

Question 30

helminths

Answer 30

multicellluar can reproduce and live outside of host

Question 31

how do we defend against parasites

Answer 31

its difficult because generlzation is difficult- must depend on life stage and its location in our body

Question 32

different defense against parasites in the body

Answer 32

bloodstream- humoral antibody inside cells- cell mediated immune reactions NK and T cells

Question 33

how do trypanosoma work

Answer 33

they have many different variants of key antigens so our immune systems removes most of one type of antigen but the other type is replicated and our body misses it because it is a different variant

Question 34

what do helminths/ worms cause

Answer 34

schistomsomiasis

Question 35

how do we treat schistomsomiasis

Answer 35

sicne it is too big for phagocytosis, we secrete lytic enzymes (complement, basic protiens, ADCC) igE antibodies are involved

Question 36

how are fungal infections controlled

Answer 36

innate immune ssytem by physical barriers and commensal microorgansism neutrophil phagocytosis and rectognized PAMP on PRR

Question 37

how do viruses evade immune response

Answer 37

by evolving a capsule that blocks PRR binding so can have axquired immunity

Question 38

which immune response pathways are related to autoimmunity

Answer 38

type I and III

Question 39

what type of response is in type 2 immuity

Answer 39

allergy/ asthma

Question 40

which immune response leads to CTL formation

Answer 40

type I

Question 41

what does type II immune response lead to

Answer 41

TH2 acting with b CELL TO PRODUCE igE and igA

Question 42

what does type III immune resonse lead to

Answer 42

TH17 cell interacting with B cell to produce igG