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immunology > 12 > Flashcards

12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the chain of infection

A

modes of transmission
portals of entry
susceptible host
infectious agents
resivoirs
portals of exit

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2
Q

Ro

A

Reproduction rate- how contageous a pathogen is

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3
Q

what can describe malaria and chicken pox

A

they are endemic- outbreaks are predictable and constant

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4
Q

what pathogen has to be inside a vesicle

A

bacteria and parasites and fungi dont go in a cell

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5
Q

what are the symptoms of long covid

A

viral persistence
immune dysregulation
microbiome dysbiosis
endothelial inflamation
neuronal inflamation
mitochondrial dysfunction

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6
Q

why were civets thought to be intermediate species

A

becasue their sars-like CoV has more than 99% nucleotide homology

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7
Q

what are the stages of animal to human pathogen evolution

A

agent only in animal
primary infection
limited outbreak
long outbreak
exclusive human agent

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8
Q

what is the second stage of animal to human pathogen evolution called

A

primary infection

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9
Q

how do antibodies help with viruses

A

they can directly neutralize the virus or

help NK cells recognize the virally infected cell- ADCC

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10
Q

where is HCV found

A

in the liver- tissue tropism

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11
Q

genetic determinants of susceptibility

A

species level- protein homology
individual level- allelic variation can increase or decrease suscpetibility

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12
Q

what are the three 3 respiratory modes of transmission of infections

A

aerosolized droplets that are inhaled
larger droplets that land on mucosal membranes
fomites that are deposition on contact surfaces

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13
Q

what are the factors affecting respoitarty infection transmission

A

physical characteristcs
time
humidity
air flow
pathogen load

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14
Q

symptoms of polio

A

FLU LIKE

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15
Q

Polio eradication

A

resurgence in africa

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16
Q

one detected case of polio in

A

2022

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17
Q

how does the influenza and spanish flu virus work

A

has segmented genome

8 RNA that each encode for one of the viral proteins and the organism requires one of each 8 RNAs to be virulent but the similarity between viral species are similar enough for them to be able to mix and match and complement one another

does gene reassortment- antigenic shift

point mutations- antigenic drift

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18
Q

original antigenic sin/ imprinting

A

stronger response to a virus antigen that was previously recognized even though it has some new antigens

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19
Q

where does the herpes zoster virus stay latent

A

in sensory neurons

20
Q

what does herpes zoster code for

A

varicella and chicken pox

20
Q

what is shingles

A

a re activation of chicken pox virus

21
Q

what does measels do to you

A

wipes out your immune memory making you suscpetible to diseases and reduces your antibody repitoir

21
Q

what is the symptom for measels

A

topik spots lots of complications

21
Q

what is subacute schlerotic panencephalitis

A

occurs 7-19 years after you recover from mealsels and is leathal and inc risk if you got measels before the age of 2

21
Q

another name for cytokine storm

A

cytokine release syndromw

22
Q

what does cytokine storm in lungs lead to

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome ADRS

23
Q

what does an unregulated and dexaggerated release of inflamatory cytokines lead to

A

localized and systemic acute phase response mediated by hyperactivation of immune cells

24
Q

how do bacteria evad the immune system

A

secrete proteases to degarade IgA

gram positive and some gram negative bacteria are resistant to complement mediated lysis

some bacterial surface structures like fibrin and M protein inhibit phagocytic cells and some can evade phagolysosomes in the cytosol

25
Q

example of bacteria that degrades IgA

A

N gonorrhoeae

26
Q

example of bacteria that evades phagolyssosme

A

mycobacteria tuberculosis

27
Q

how does mycobacteria tuberculosis work

A

replicates inside cells and inhibits phagolysosome formation

caues formation of granuloma inside tubercle

release of lytic enzymes damages healthy tissue but infection is contained

antibiotics cant penetrade inside granuloma very well

28
Q

what are the two types of parasites

A

protozoa and helminths

29
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular
live and replicate in host
some require intermediate host like malaria and trypanomiasis

30
Q

helminths

A

multicellluar

can reproduce and live outside of host

31
Q

how do we defend against parasites

A

its difficult because generlzation is difficult- must depend on life stage and its location in our body

32
Q

different defense against parasites in the body

A

bloodstream- humoral antibody

inside cells- cell mediated immune reactions NK and T cells

33
Q

how do trypanosoma work

A

they have many different variants of key antigens

so our immune systems removes most of one type of antigen but the other type is replicated and our body misses it because it is a different variant

34
Q

what do helminths/ worms cause

A

schistomsomiasis

35
Q

how do we treat schistomsomiasis

A

sicne it is too big for phagocytosis, we secrete lytic enzymes (complement, basic protiens, ADCC)

igE antibodies are involved

36
Q

how are fungal infections controlled

A

innate immune ssytem by physical barriers and commensal microorgansism

neutrophil phagocytosis and rectognized PAMP on PRR

37
Q

how do viruses evade immune response

A

by evolving a capsule that blocks PRR binding so can have axquired immunity

38
Q

which immune response pathways are related to autoimmunity

A

type I and III

39
Q

what type of response is in type 2 immuity

A

allergy/ asthma

40
Q

which immune response leads to CTL formation

A

type I

41
Q

what does type II immune response lead to

A

TH2 acting with b CELL TO PRODUCE igE and igA

42
Q

what does type III immune resonse lead to

A

TH17 cell interacting with B cell to produce igG

43
Q
A

immunology (30 decks)

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