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immunology > 13 > Flashcards

13 Flashcards

1
Q

what does AIRE do

A

allows mTECs to express, process and present peripheral antigens so that you have central positive selection of autoreactive T cells

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2
Q

what does a mutated AIRE lead to

A

autoimmune polyendoriconicopathy syndrome APECED

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3
Q

what happens if there is little to no aire activity

A

little to no expression of peripheral antigesn by mTECs, no central negative sleection of autoreactive T cells

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4
Q

what happens to high but not very high TCR affinity for self

A

some devleop into T regs that are CD4+

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5
Q

positive selection on

A

cTECs

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6
Q

negative selection on

A

mTECs and thymic dentdritic cells

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7
Q

where do superantigens come from

A

bacteria or viruses

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8
Q

what do superantigens activate

A

5% of all T cells in periphery

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9
Q

what do superantigens induce

A

severe negative selection/ massive deletion in thymus

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10
Q

when do gamma delta T cells develop

A

earlier than aB T cells

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11
Q

numbers of gamma delta T cells

A

lower than aB T cells

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12
Q

where are gammma delta T cellls found

A

in skin and epithelial areas like lungs and intestines

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13
Q

what do gamma delta T cells respond to

A

narrrow range of protein antigens and are the first line of defense for invading pathogens

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14
Q

variability of gamma delta T cells

A

less variable

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15
Q

correlates of protection

A

aspects of immunity assocaitedd with protection from infection or protection from disease

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16
Q

what is needed to know when making a vaccine

A

what type of imunity is needed for the specific pathogen

aB OR CELL MEDIATED

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17
Q

what immunity is required for viruses

A

both antibody and cell mediated

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18
Q

what does vaccination do to infection or sickness

A

protects from disaese without infection or sickness

leads to herd immunity to protect unvaccinated

activates specific parts of the immune system responsible for protection of infcetion from the disease (correlates of protection)

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19
Q

what is cross presentation

A

Cross-presentation is the ability of certain professional antigen-presenting cells to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells

20
Q

when should you induce the B cell correlate of protection

A
  • Ab neutralization
    -opsonization
    -metabolic interference

-needs to be directed against an external part of the pathogen

21
Q

when should you induce the B cell correlate of protection

A

-cytokine production
-B cell help
-direct killing of infected cells

-more effective at recognizing pathogens with restricted diversity
-can use internal and external components bc antigens are processesd and presented

22
Q

what is the process of vaccine production

A

pre clinial

acceptance to test on humans

phase i - 20-80 ppl
testing safety

phase ii- 100-300 ppl
safety and effectiveness

phase iii- 1000-3000 ppl
safety and effectiveness in large population

FDA reivew approval for mass public

phase 4- will see rare effects
post marketting surveilence

23
Q

when are rare events detected for vaccines

A

phase 4 which is why we need post marketing surveilence

24
Q

EUA

A

emergency usage approval - 2 months

25
Q

full approval

A

6 months

26
Q

what are adjuvants

A

increase immunogenicity
only needed for some times of vaccines

27
Q

stabilizers

A

maintain effectiveness and structure durign transport and sorage

28
Q

carry over substances

A

cause allergies

from manufacturing

29
Q

what are the components of an effective vaccine

A

antigen
packaging of antigen - only some vaccines need this
adjuvants
stabilizers
carry over from manufacturing

30
Q

antigen

A

whole organism or select genes/prtoeins

31
Q

antigen for covid

A

spike protein

32
Q

antigen for influenza

A

HA protein

33
Q

tetanus antigen

A

toxoid

34
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia antigen

A

capsular polysaccharide

35
Q

what are the mechanisms for adjuvant function

A

slow antigen release from site of injection

recruit leukocytes- proinflamatory cytokines and chemokines- encourage thier maturation and migration (actiavion and trafficking to draining lymph nodes of pAPC)

aggregate adjuvants to encourage phagocytosis by local apcs

upregulate MHCII and costimulatory molecules to facilitate antigen presentation

36
Q

what kind of vaccines lead to cell mediated cytotoxicity and ab respnose

A

endogenous pathway

live attenuated
viral vector
mRNA
subunit depending on packaging

37
Q

what types of vaccines only get an antibody resposne

A

whole inactivated
virus like paricle
recombinant viral particles
subnunit
conugate

38
Q

live attentuated respone

A

ab and cell mediated

39
Q

virus like particles response

A

ab mediated

40
Q

subunit

A

depends on packaging but can be both

41
Q

mRNA response

A

ab and cell mediated

42
Q

conjugae response

A

ab

43
Q

viral recombinant particles

A

ab

44
Q

viral like particles

A

ab

45
Q

viral vector

A

ab and cell mediated

46
Q
A

immunology (30 decks)

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