intro to immunology

Question 1

what is the immune system

Answer 1

all of the organs and cells that protect you from infectious disease and. abnormal cell growth

Question 2

what are the two types of pathogens

Answer 2

true pathogen vs opportunistic pathogen

Question 3

what are we fighting against

Answer 3

pathogens: fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasites
cancer cells

Question 4

viruses- how do they grow?

Answer 4

must grow inside your cells, usurp the cellular machinery fr thier own purposes

Question 5

bacteria- how do they grow?

Answer 5

some inside the cell (intracellular) and some outside

Question 6

fungi- how do they grow?

Answer 6

outside your cells

Question 7

parasites- how do they grow?

Answer 7

outside your cells

Question 8

cancer- how does it grow

Answer 8

was once your cells, now an abnormal unreguated cell

Question 9

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 9

causes disease in immuno supressed host

Question 10

true pathogen

Answer 10

causes disease in healthy individuals with functioning immune systems

Question 11

what are the arms of defense of the immune system

Answer 11

innate immunity and adaptive imunity

Question 12

what are the two arms of defense of the adaptive immunity

Answer 12

humoral- extracellular
cell mediated

Question 13

innate immunity

Answer 13

1st line of defense
-major players exist prior to exposure
-foreign particle eliminated within hours
-no memory
-detects patterns not minor molecular differences

broad reactivity

Question 14

adaptive immunity

Answer 14

occurs after exposure only
-delayed response- necessary to repliatce specific antigen binding cells
-very specific response- only specific antigens are recognized
-memory response is rapid and more effective- lasting memory

Question 15

what are the anatomical barriers of the innate immune system

Answer 15

skin
mucosal membranes
acidity
extracellular molecules- enzymes in tears

Question 16

cellular defenses of innate immunity

Answer 16

phagocytes
anti-microbial peptide secretion
pattern recognition receptors

Question 17

antigen

Answer 17

Ag- usually a protein that an immune cell can recognize usually foreign (epitope is the very specific part of the antigen bound by an antibody). antigens can also be other macromolecules

Question 18

antibody

Answer 18

specialized protein that directly binds to a specific antigen; confers
protection

Question 19

pathogen

Answer 19

an organism (bacteria, virus, fungi, etc) that can cause disease

Question 20

what are the two phases to any immune response

Answer 20

1- recognition- Recognition of a specific pathogen/antigen only occurs by a select few cells
2- response

Question 21

what do APC’s interact with

Answer 21

T- lymphocytes- recognition

Question 22

what are the professional APC’s

Answer 22

macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells

Question 23

what is required to have an effective response

Answer 23

a lot of specific cells are needed = clonal selection (takes time)

Question 24

what is the purpose of memory in the immune system

Answer 24

prevents recurrence of disease

Effect has been known since ancient times; recovered plague victims could treat infected patients

Question 25

small pox

Answer 25

Inhalation/insertion of dried crusts from pustules
* (20-60% of infected people die, 80% of children, almost all survivors have complications

Question 26

edward jenner

Answer 26

Inoculated boy with cowpox to achieve immunity from smallpox

Question 27

louis pasteur

Answer 27

Inoculation with attenuated cholera bacterium– Rabies vaccination

Question 28

vaccination

Answer 28

a weakened form of the pathogen generates memory

Question 29

adaptive immune system leads to

Answer 29

acquired immunity

Question 30

active immunization

Answer 30

refers to immunization by administration of an antigen
* examples: infection, vaccination
* Immunity is delayed, but long-lived

Question 31

passive immunization

Answer 31

refers to the transfer of immunity by the transfer of specific antibody
* Examples: passage of antibodies from mother to fetus, antitoxin treatment for snake bites
* Immunity is immediate, but short-lived

Question 32

adoptive immunization

Answer 32

refers to the transfer of immunity by the transfer of immune cells
* Example: Immunotherapy
* Like passive immunization, immunity is immediate but short-lived (until the cells die)