cells and organs Flashcards by Rand Al-Badoosh

primary lymphoid organs function

Enable stem cells to mature to functional immune
cells

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what do the secondary lymphoid organs do

Provide right the right environment to allow the
different cell types to interact

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primary organs of the immune system

thymus, bone marrow

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secondary organs of the immune system

spleen
lymph nodes
tonsil
lymphatic ducts
gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (GALT;
Peyer’s patches

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what do the primary organs of the immune system do

where lymphocytes
are generated and undergo
development and maturation

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what do the secondary organs of the immune system do

where mature
lymphocytes interact with
antigen

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where do cells and molecules of the immune system circulate

in the blood as well

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percentage by volume of plasma

55% and is made up of blood minus the cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)

it includes proteins, water, and other solutes

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what percentage is the formed elements layer of blood by volume

45%
made up of white and RBC’s as well as platelets

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what is serum

plasma minus clottting elements (fibrinogen)

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what are leukocytes

white blood cells

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what are and where are hematopoetic stem cells found

in the bone marrow- they are the precursors to the immmune cells

they are self renewing

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what do hematopoetic progenitor cells differentiate into

myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells wich are both still in the bone marrow

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new immune cells are generated by

hematopoesis in the bone marrow
the stem cells are self renewing and can differentiate into diverse cell types

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lineage commitment occurs in

stages and can be detected by knowing the expression of speciic combinations of proteins

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how do we detect the different combinations of proteins

flow cytometry- cells pass through in a single file and go through a laser plane- we can see thier size and if they are granular or not

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How are antibodies used as tools

Antibodies are exquisitely specific and highly sensitive
* Can be generated against very specific epitopes
* Have very high affinities for their antigens

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monoclonal antibodies

have one specificty and 1 affinity

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plasma cell- myeloma cell

hybridoma

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plasma cell- plasma cell

dies within a few days

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myeloma cell-myeloma cell

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how is the fusion and hybridization of plasma and myeloma cells

it is ramdom

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selection of fusions

`HGPRT= catalyzes a step in the DNA
synthesis salvage pathway
Myeloma cells have a mutation in HGPRT so
must use de novo DNA synthesis

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HAT selection media

Aminopterin inhibits
de novo DNA synthesis so cells must use
salvage pathway (ie. HGPRT mutants can’t
grow); supplemented with hypoxanthine
and thymidine to support nucleotide
synthesis

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what hybridomas survive

Only hybridomas that gain WT HGPRT will survive

flourescence based detection of proteins

covalent attach a flourescent molecule to a specific mAb to detect specific proteins on the cell

how do we detect the different ombinations of proteins

flow cytometry

what cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system

eosinophil basophil neutrophil mast cell natural killer cell

bridge innate and adaptive cells

monocyte macrophage dendritic cell

adaptive cells

T and B lymphoncyte NKT cells

the myeloid lineage

- Develop from a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) - Include the first responders - Also megakaryocyte cells that make platelets and red blood cells (erythrocytes)

what cells are granulocytes

neutrophils eosinophils basophils mast cells

neutrophils

phagocyte, aka PMN (polymorphonuclear) leukocyte, 1 st to site of infection, migrates from blood to tissue

eosinophil

phagocyte, migrating cell type

basophil

the only not phacocytic granulocyte release substances from granules, major role in allergy

mast cells

found in tissues, contain cytoplasmic granules, major role in allergy

why are granulocytes called that

bc they contain granules stained with hematoxylin and eosin - blue and pink

hematoxylin

is basic/positive so stains acidic structures blue ie. nucleic acids granules are blue and therefore acidic

eosin

is acidic/negative so stains basic structures pink ie. granules in basophils

what are the functions of granules

the contents are released into the extracellular space upon activation of the cell they kill things outside the cell and activate other cells

macrophages

ingest and degrade large antigens (like bacteria)- phagocytosis

specialized macrophages

-osteoclasts (bone), -microglial cells (CNS) -alveolar macrophages (lung) -Kupffer cells (liver)

dendritic cells

* Both myeloid and lymphoid origins * Specialized for antigen presentation to T cells * Immature DC are phagocytic * Follicular DC are a different lineage, * found in Lymph Nodes * Bind Ab:Ag complexes * Important for B cell activation and maturation

what cells are of lymphoid lineage

* B lymphocyte * T lymphocyte * Innate lymphoid cell * Natural Killer (NK) cells * ILC1 * ILC2 * ILC3 * LTi * lymphoid-derived Dendritic Cell

B lymphocyte

produce antibodies and act as pAPC

T lymphocytes

interact with other immune cels (APCs) or other target cells

natural killer cells

directly kill tumor cells and virally- infected cells

other ILCs

less known, secrete proteins (cytokines) that initiate defence

what cells interact with antigens

B and T lymphocytes

B cells interaction with antigens

B cells interact with antigen and differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cellls antibody binds antigen and facilitates its clearance from the body

what type of cells interacts with virus infected cell and through what receptor

Cytotoxic T cell through the class 1 MHC receptor

what cell interacts with antigens presenting cells and through what receptor

Helper T cells through the class II MHC receptor

BCR- B cell receptor

activated when found to a soluble antigen

TCR- T cell receptor

must be bound to a peptide and MHC class II receptor and CD4 protein bound to the MHC class II receptor

2 major types of T cells

T helper cells (Th)- CD4+ and interact with MHC class II and cytotoxic T cells (Tc or CTL)- CD8+ and interact with MHC class I receptor Both recognize Ag presented by MHC via their TCR but co-receptors regulate the APC that they interact with.

GALT

gut associated lymphoid tissue

what is the function of thymic tissue in jawless vertebrates in relation to immunity

generate T like and B like lymphocytes

avian lymphocyte development

B and T cell development occurs in specialized areas HSC stem cells arise from BM

where do B cells develop in birds

bursa fabricius

where do T cells develop in birds

thymus