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midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes APCs to secrete cytokines

A

binding to PAMPs on PRR
p

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2
Q

polarizing cytokines for TH1

A

il12
IFN Y
IL18

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3
Q

master gene regulator to th1

A

T bet

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4
Q

signature cytokines for TH1

A

IFN Y and TNF

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5
Q

what does TH1 protect against

A

intracellular pathogens and viruses

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6
Q

what does IFNY do

A

activates macrophages which inc their microbicidal actiivty and secrete IL-12 to further skew the enciroemnt to TH1

induces B cells to class switch to igG (phagocytosis and complement)

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7
Q

polarizing cytokines for TH2

A

il4
TGF B

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8
Q

master gene regulator for TH2

A

GATA 3

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9
Q

signature cytokines for TH2

A

IL4, 5, 13

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10
Q

what does TH2 do

A

clear extracellullar parasites including worms

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11
Q

what does IL4 do

A

favours TH2 and activates eosinophils and induces B cells to class switch to igE

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12
Q

how do we cross regulate between T helper cells

A

cytokines from APCs activate signalling pathways to activate the master regulator for the target cell to be activated and inhibit the other master gene regulator

positive feedback

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13
Q

polarizing cytokines for TH17

A

IL6
IL 23
TGF B

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14
Q

master gene regulator for TH17

A

RORYT

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15
Q

signature cytokine for TH17

A

IL7

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16
Q

function of TH17

A

dulal role in protective and pathogenic functions
protection against bacteria and fungi
implicated in inflamatory bowel disease, artritis, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimune disease

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17
Q

TH17 in disease

A

implicated in autoimmune diseases, mutated in hyper igE syndrome HIES due to mutation in STAT 3

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18
Q

polarizing cytokines for peripheral T reg

A

IL2
TGF B

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19
Q

master regualtor for peripheral T reg

A

fox p3

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20
Q

what induces t reg peripheral polarization

A

retinoic acid (vit a metabolite)

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21
Q

what do IL10 and TGF B in T reg peripheral do

A

inhibit APC function by directly targeting other T cells

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22
Q

T reg and autoimmunity

A

decrease it, needed for healthy pregnancy, reduce risk for preclampsia

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23
Q

cross regulation of T reg and TH17

A

TGF B induces both RORYT and FOXP3 but IL6 skews it to TH17

24
Q

importance for TH17 and Treg

A

both important at barrier tissues to balance immune response

25
what are the polarizing cytokines for Tfh cells
IL 6 IL 21
26
mster gene regulator for Tfh CELLS
Bcl 6
27
SIGNATURE CYTOKINE FOR Tfh cells
IL4 IL21
28
what do Tfh cells do
required for the formation of germinal centres drive affinity maturation high levels of CD 40L express CXCR5 chemokine receptor which attracts these T cells to the GC bc it has high levels of CXCL 13 (its ligand) costimulatory receoptor ICOS needed for CXCR5 receptorwh
29
what does Bcl2 do
inhibits T bet, gata 3, and ROTYT
30
what T helper cells help B cells
T fh
31
What helper T cells help B cells
Th1
32
what do inhibitory receptors do to T cells
induce anergy
33
b7 Inhibitory receptor
CTLA 4
34
PD L1/2 inhibitory receptor
PD-1
35
what receptors turn T cell activtion off
negative costimulatory receptors
36
when do negative costimulatory receptors act
induced within 24 hours of activation and peak 2-3 days post stimulation it is also stronger binding to CD28 than B7
37
what does ipilimumab do
blocks CTLA4 blocking inhibition of costimulation and allowing T cells to be activated to improce cancer therapy
38
what do nivolumab and pembrolizumab do
anti PD1 mAB therapy
39
what does fas do
its activation (when activated T cells increase its expression along with its ligand) initiates apoptosis of the actiavtaed T cell and other activated T cells
40
steps of FASL acting
it interacts with its receptor to induce trimerization - adapter protein FADD is recruited -pro apoptotic caspase protein activated -apoptosis
41
what happens if we only get signal two on T cells
nothing
42
what allows DC to use the cross presentation pathway
interaction with Th cells
43
how do cytotoxic T cells get generated
DC use the cross presentation pathway when they are licsenced by an interaction with Th cels they present endogenous antigen on Class I MHC and actiavte naive Tc cells this can be sequential or simultaneous as the DC gets licensed it is activating the Tc cell
44
what are the steps to CTLs lethal hit delivery and recycling
form a CONJUGATE CTL cytoplasmic rearrangement CTL granule exocytosis dissociation CTL recycling
45
what are the important things that are used by NK cells and CTL to induce apoptosis
2 pathways FASL holds granzyme B and perforin
46
what do NK cells share and differ with Tc cells
same cytotoxic machinery and different forms of target recognition and regulation
47
how to NK cells recognize and regulate target
they have a mix of inhibitory and activating signals
48
tolerance NK cells
inhibitory receptors bound by healthy cell MHC I few activtaing ligands from healhty cell bound to activating receptor on NK cell NK cell is inhibited
49
missing self NK cell
only activating ligand is bound to activating receptor by altered self cell- loss of MHC I and therefore NK cell is activated and promotes killing of the altered self ecll
50
balanced signals NK cell
up regulation of stress induced ligands promotes killing of altered self cell even though MHC I is bound to the NK cell NK cell is activated and it promotes killing of altered self cell
51
NK experiment
showed that NK cell memory exists and will lead to more effective killing of infected cells or protects immunodeficient mice from infection this occurs becasue the NK cell was exposed to a infected cell and led to its epansion and contraction of long lived experienced nK cell
52
what is ADCC
Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity antibodies recruit other cytotoxic cells to target cells uses Fc receptor- lytic enzymes, perforins, TNF, and granzymes
53
how can memory CTLs be activated
without T cell help they synthesize their own iL2
54
how are memory B cells actiavted
still need Th cell help
55

immunology (30 decks)

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