Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

immunology > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes APCs to secrete cytokines

A

binding to PAMPs on PRR
p

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

polarizing cytokines for TH1

A

il12
IFN Y
IL18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

master gene regulator to th1

A

T bet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

signature cytokines for TH1

A

IFN Y and TNF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does TH1 protect against

A

intracellular pathogens and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does IFNY do

A

activates macrophages which inc their microbicidal actiivty and secrete IL-12 to further skew the enciroemnt to TH1

induces B cells to class switch to igG (phagocytosis and complement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

polarizing cytokines for TH2

A

il4
TGF B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

master gene regulator for TH2

A

GATA 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

signature cytokines for TH2

A

IL4, 5, 13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does TH2 do

A

clear extracellullar parasites including worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does IL4 do

A

favours TH2 and activates eosinophils and induces B cells to class switch to igE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do we cross regulate between T helper cells

A

cytokines from APCs activate signalling pathways to activate the master regulator for the target cell to be activated and inhibit the other master gene regulator

positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

polarizing cytokines for TH17

A

IL6
IL 23
TGF B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

master gene regulator for TH17

A

RORYT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

signature cytokine for TH17

A

IL7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of TH17

A

dulal role in protective and pathogenic functions
protection against bacteria and fungi
implicated in inflamatory bowel disease, artritis, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TH17 in disease

A

implicated in autoimmune diseases, mutated in hyper igE syndrome HIES due to mutation in STAT 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

polarizing cytokines for peripheral T reg

A

IL2
TGF B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

master regualtor for peripheral T reg

A

fox p3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what induces t reg peripheral polarization

A

retinoic acid (vit a metabolite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do IL10 and TGF B in T reg peripheral do

A

inhibit APC function by directly targeting other T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T reg and autoimmunity

A

decrease it, needed for healthy pregnancy, reduce risk for preclampsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cross regulation of T reg and TH17

A

TGF B induces both RORYT and FOXP3 but IL6 skews it to TH17

24
Q

importance for TH17 and Treg

A

both important at barrier tissues to balance immune response

25
Q

what are the polarizing cytokines for Tfh cells

A

IL 6
IL 21

26
Q

mster gene regulator for Tfh CELLS

A

Bcl 6

27
Q

SIGNATURE CYTOKINE FOR Tfh cells

A

IL4
IL21

28
Q

what do Tfh cells do

A

required for the formation of germinal centres
drive affinity maturation
high levels of CD 40L
express CXCR5 chemokine receptor which attracts these T cells to the GC bc it has high levels of CXCL 13 (its ligand)
costimulatory receoptor ICOS needed for CXCR5 receptorwh

29
Q

what does Bcl2 do

A

inhibits T bet, gata 3, and ROTYT

30
Q

what T helper cells help B cells

A

T fh

31
Q

What helper T cells help B cells

A

Th1

32
Q

what do inhibitory receptors do to T cells

A

induce anergy

33
Q

b7 Inhibitory receptor

A

CTLA 4

34
Q

PD L1/2 inhibitory receptor

A

PD-1

35
Q

what receptors turn T cell activtion off

A

negative costimulatory receptors

36
Q

when do negative costimulatory receptors act

A

induced within 24 hours of activation and peak 2-3 days post stimulation

it is also stronger binding to CD28 than B7

37
Q

what does ipilimumab do

A

blocks CTLA4 blocking inhibition of costimulation and allowing T cells to be activated to improce cancer therapy

38
Q

what do nivolumab and pembrolizumab do

A

anti PD1 mAB therapy

39
Q

what does fas do

A

its activation (when activated T cells increase its expression along with its ligand) initiates apoptosis of the actiavtaed T cell and other activated T cells

40
Q

steps of FASL acting

A

it interacts with its receptor to induce trimerization
- adapter protein FADD is recruited
-pro apoptotic caspase protein activated
-apoptosis

41
Q

what happens if we only get signal two on T cells

A

nothing

42
Q

what allows DC to use the cross presentation pathway

A

interaction with Th cells

43
Q

how do cytotoxic T cells get generated

A

DC use the cross presentation pathway when they are licsenced by an interaction with Th cels

they present endogenous antigen on Class I MHC and actiavte naive Tc cells

this can be sequential or simultaneous as the DC gets licensed it is activating the Tc cell

44
Q

what are the steps to CTLs lethal hit delivery and recycling

A

form a CONJUGATE
CTL cytoplasmic rearrangement
CTL granule exocytosis
dissociation
CTL recycling

45
Q

what are the important things that are used by NK cells and CTL to induce apoptosis

A

2 pathways

FASL holds granzyme B and perforin

46
Q

what do NK cells share and differ with Tc cells

A

same cytotoxic machinery and different forms of target recognition and regulation

47
Q

how to NK cells recognize and regulate target

A

they have a mix of inhibitory and activating signals

48
Q

tolerance NK cells

A

inhibitory receptors bound by healthy cell MHC I

few activtaing ligands from healhty cell bound to activating receptor on NK cell

NK cell is inhibited

49
Q

missing self NK cell

A

only activating ligand is bound to activating receptor by altered self cell- loss of MHC I and therefore NK cell is activated and promotes killing of the altered self ecll

50
Q

balanced signals NK cell

A

up regulation of stress induced ligands promotes killing of altered self cell even though MHC I is bound to the NK cell

NK cell is activated and it promotes killing of altered self cell

51
Q

NK experiment

A

showed that NK cell memory exists and will lead to more effective killing of infected cells or protects immunodeficient mice from infection

this occurs becasue the NK cell was exposed to a infected cell and led to its epansion and contraction of long lived experienced nK cell

52
Q

what is ADCC

A

Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

antibodies recruit other cytotoxic cells to target cells

uses Fc receptor- lytic enzymes, perforins, TNF, and granzymes

53
Q

how can memory CTLs be activated

A

without T cell help

they synthesize their own iL2

54
Q

how are memory B cells actiavted

A

still need Th cell help

55
Q
A

immunology (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions