13 vaccines

Question 1

benifits of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 1

no adjuvants

effective and long lasting resonse- steralizing for some

actual infection, replication and spread which activates multiple arms of the immune system and memory

activates CD8 T cells to become memory and effective T cells and puts antigens on MHC I molecules - potent immune effector mech with long term immunity

alternative routes of administration

Question 2

multiple routes of administartion for live attenuated

Answer 2

oral polio- sugar cube- mucosa immunity

flu mist- intranasal- mucosal immunity

Question 3

live attenutated vaccines disadvantages

Answer 3

can genetically revert back to wild type making it virulent requiring boosters and may infect acquired/ inherited mmunodefficent people

Question 4

oral sabin polio vacciine

Answer 4

can genetically revert

Question 5

what are whole inactivated vaccines

Answer 5

bacteria or virus are killed usually chemically making them unable to infect cells

Question 6

benifits of whole inactivated vaccines

Answer 6

multiple parts of the pathogen can be recognized as antigens increasing likelihood for immune activation

Question 7

drawbacks for whole inactivated vaccines

Answer 7

may have chemicals left in them

less effective becasue no infection, need multiple doses,

small amounts of endo or exo toxin

requires adjuvant

alternative routes possible but rn only instramuscular

Question 8

what happens when you inject a vaccine intramuscularly

Answer 8

limits activation of mucosal immunity

Question 9

how can we test for endotoxin

Answer 9

horseshoe crab blood

turns blue bc of limulus amebocyte lysate coagulates when endotoxin is present

Question 10

what kind of vaccine do influenza, hep A, injected salk polio, pertussis and typhoid bacteria

Answer 10

whole inactivated

Question 11

what do subunit vaccines include

Answer 11

representative proteins from pathogen. that are imortant targets for immune response

Question 12

how are subunit vaccines prepared

Answer 12

chemical synth

or

expression of proteinin euk or bact cells followed by purification

Question 13

what do subunit vaccines require

Answer 13

adjuvant and boosting

can combine proteins in lipid carrier to induce cell mediated response

Question 14

what are toxoids

Answer 14

chemically inactivated subunit vaccines

Question 15

what is a drawback and benifit to subunit vaccines

Answer 15

stronger antibody/ humoral response than cell mediated

safe but weak

Question 16

what kind of immune response will toxoids result in

Answer 16

T dependent- T and B cell activation and memory and affinity maturtion and class switching

Question 17

what kind of antigens are polysaccharides

Answer 17

T indipendent antigesn that cause ab and no memory response JUST IGM

Question 18

what is the benifit of conjugate vaccines

Answer 18

lead to linked recognition- T D response to both toxoid and polysaccharide-

Question 19

what kind of vaccine do haemophilis influenza type B and tetanus toxoid use

Answer 19

conjugate

Question 20

what do virus like particles require

Answer 20

adjuvant, boosting

Question 21

immune response for viral like particle vaccines

Answer 21

stonronger humoral response than natural infection

Question 22

what kind of vaccine does HPV need

Answer 22

virus like particles

Question 23

how are virus like paritcle vaccines created

Answer 23

no nucleic acid so no infection, protein self assembles into virus like particle creating authentic antigenic structures

Question 24

what is the sars cov2 vaccine based on

Answer 24

adenovirus with very low virulence in humans

chadox1 ncov19

Question 25

where is the CH= DNA for sarscov2 virus from

Answer 25

replication deficient adenovirus adenovirus isolated from chimpanzee engineered to be safe for humans

Question 26

where is the DNA from nCOV19 from

Answer 26

DNA encoding spike protien inserteed in adenoviral genome with the codon optimized

Question 27

ox=

Answer 27

oxford

Question 28

1

Answer 28

first gen

Question 29

what are examples of viral vector vaccines

Answer 29

sarsCOV2 - jandj, sputnik, astrazneexa/oxford ebola

Question 30

how ydo you grow enogu hadenovirus to get vaccine

Answer 30

in human cells grown in lab using HEK293 cell line from the human embryonic kidneys since 1973 and legally oatined from fetus

Question 31

what kind of vaccines are adenovirus based recombinant DNA vaccines

Answer 31

viral vector

Question 32

how is the adenovirus modified in viral vaccines

Answer 32

cannot replicate and has in it the DNA to encode for the viral spike protein

Question 33

how do mRNA vaccines work

Answer 33

expression of viral proteins mimics a viral infectionwh

Question 34

whata re the two types of mRNA vaccines

Answer 34

conventional mrNA- comes in by endosome, gets translated then processed and put on MHC or self amplifying mRNA- endosome but it replicates itself and gest translated

Question 35

how are the mrNA inserted into host

Answer 35

mRNA encapsulated in lipid

Question 36

when are mRNA antigens expressed on cell surface

Answer 36

by 12-24 hrs for 6-10 days