end of midterm 2 review

Question 1

repsonse time of innate immune repsone

Answer 1

mintues to hours

Question 2

resonse time of adaptiev response

Answer 2

days

Question 3

major cell types of innate resonse

Answer 3

phagocytes- monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dcs, NK cells
other leukocytes
epithelial and endothelial cells

Question 4

what are the cell types of adaptive immunity

Answer 4

t cells
b cells
APCs

Question 5

anatomical barriers to infection

Answer 5

enzymes and binding proteins
antimicrobial peptides
skin
acidic ph

Question 6

ILCs

Answer 6

mirror t cells

there is three types of immunity

ILC1- similar to Th1
ILC2- similar to Th2
ILC3- similar to th17

Question 7

TLR homologous to

Answer 7

fruit fly toll receptor

Question 8

tLR recognition

Answer 8

variety of things hthroguh LRR extracellular dimers that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 9

endosomal vs plasma TLR

Answer 9

endosomal recognize viral DNA and plasma rexognizes bacteria and fungi

plasma has TRIF w MyD88

endosomal activates IRFs

Question 10

what does NFKB do

Answer 10

induces innate and inflammatory gene transcription

Question 11

IFN function

Answer 11

feeds back to inhibit viral replication

Question 12

what receptors function as phagocytic receptors

Answer 12

CLRs

Question 13

what receptors are activates by intracellllar PAMPs and DAMPs

Answer 13

NLRs

Question 14

NLRP3 inflammasome singla 1

Answer 14

TLR
CLR
NLR

Question 15

singla 2 NLRP3 inflammasome

Answer 15

act through ROS to activate NEK7

leads to pyroptosis and activation of procytokines IL1 and il18 into thier mature forms

Question 16

DIRA

Answer 16

deficiency of IL1 Receptor antagonist

Question 17

DIRA treatment

Answer 17

kineret
human ILRA

Question 18

what are rig i like receptors

Answer 18

RNA helicaes that recognize viral dsDNA

Question 19

RIG i

Answer 19

major PRR of HCV infection

Question 20

cgas

Answer 20

recognizes cytosolic DNA
activates STING
makes cGMP

Question 21

sting

Answer 21

binds c-di-GMP bacterial metabolite
and activates NFKB and IRF

Question 22

phagocytic macrophages

Answer 22

kuppfler cells- liver
microglial eclls- CNS
alveolar macrophages- lung
peritoneal macrophages- peritoneal fluid

Question 23

phacocytic dc

Answer 23

Langerhand cells inthe skin and mucosa

Question 24

what do phagocytes recognize microbes through

Answer 24

soluble proteins bound to microbes called opsonins thorugh opsonin receptors

Question 25

what are IFNs

Answer 25

protein cytokines induce neighbour antiviral response

Question 26

what do cytokines do

Answer 26

induce and support proinflammatory respone

Question 27

what do complimentproteins recognize

Answer 27

PAMPSs

Question 28

IFN system

Answer 28

two phases detection through the receptors activation

Question 29

clearance of dead or dying cells

Answer 29

through macrophages that recognize PAMPs (PS or LPC) or DAMPs on apoptotic or necrotic cells not on healhty cells expressing CD47

Question 30

how are fungal infectinos controlled

Answer 30

mostly by innate immunity

Question 31

fungi avoiding immune system

Answer 31

through capsules that block PRR binding giving them acquired immunity

Question 32

trypanosoma

Answer 32

african sleeping sickenss have differnt forms of antigen and we remove one and the other grows through duplication and translation of their genetic material

Question 33

what are the parasties

Answer 33

helminth protozoa

Question 34

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 34

forms granuloma inside a tubercle and inhibits phagolysosome fomration releases lytic enzymes to destroy healthy tissue while infectino is contained

Question 35

bacerial evasion

Answer 35

iga degradation gran +ve and some -ve resistant to compliment lysis fibrins and m protein avoid phagolysossome

Question 36

N gonorrhea

Answer 36

degrade igA antibodies

Question 37

cytokine release syndrom

Answer 37

virus induced cytokine storm

Question 38

what disease was eliminated

Answer 38

measels but has no treatment

Question 39

HSV infection

Answer 39

infects epithelial cells spreads to sensory cells infects dorssal root ganglia dormant in sensory neurons

Question 40

reactivation of HSV

Answer 40

sunlight bact infection aging hormone changes stress

Question 41

influenza

Answer 41

point mutations-antigenic drift gene reassortment- antigenic shift has segmneted genome

Question 42

orthomyxoviridae

Answer 42

infleunza

Question 43

polio symptoms

Answer 43

flu like meningitis paralysis post polio syndrome- recover but muscle permantyly changed no treatment

Question 44

long covid timeline

Answer 44

4 weeks persistnat symptoms

Question 45

what inc likelihood and dec likelihood of long covid

Answer 45

vaccination dec reinfection inc

Question 46

masked palm civets

Answer 46

not covid resivoir bc no widespread infectino in wild or farmed civets plus they have no immunity to sars cov2

Question 47

intermediate hots for covid

Answer 47

wild animals and domestic animals thought to be masked palm civets

Question 48

sars cov2 types

Answer 48

7 members 4 common cold 3 severe

Question 49

why do viruses emerge

Answer 49

globalization air travel poverty limate change mega cities microbial evolution deforestation

Question 50

antibodies and viruses

Answer 50

either directly neutralize or ADCC

Question 51

HCV

Answer 51

tropistic in liver

Question 52

vector borne disease

Answer 52

insects

Question 53

what type response is for mucosal

Answer 53

type 2

Question 54

type response is for extracellular

Answer 54

tye 3. (il17 and tfh)

Question 55

what reponse is for cytosolic and vesucular

Answer 55

type 1

Question 56

what pathogens are extracellular

Answer 56

fungi and bact

Question 57

what pathogens are mucosal

Answer 57

all

Question 58

what pathogens are vesiculae

Answer 58

bact and parasites

Question 59

what pathogens are intracellular

Answer 59

viruses and some bact