lect 20

Question 1

helibacter pylori

Answer 1

stomach cancer

Question 2

Hep B and c viruses

Answer 2

liver cancer

Question 3

HPV

Answer 3

cervival and head and neck cancer

Question 4

what are cancer enabling characteristics

Answer 4

genome instabiity and tumor promoting inflamation

Question 5

what are the 6 halmarks of cancer

Answer 5

sustaining proliferative signialling
evading growth supressors
resisting cell death
inducing angiogeneis
activating invasion and metastasis
enabling replicative immortality

Question 6

what cancers do immunosupressed patients have

Answer 6

lymphomas

Question 7

what ko gene is associated w carcinoma

Answer 7

IFN -/-

Question 8

large infiltrating lymphocytes and cancer

Answer 8

improved survival esp for CD8+ and TH1 (IFNY TNFa)

Question 9

antigens unique to tumors

Answer 9

tumor specific antigens

Question 10

antigens derived from normal cellular proteins

Answer 10

tumor associated antigens

Question 11

examples of TSA

Answer 11

point mutations
oncogene products like mutatnt ras proteins
mutant supressor P53
Mutant cell cycle regulator CDK5

Question 12

what are TAA examples

Answer 12

prostate specific antigen
alpha fetal protein
carcinoembryonic antigen

Question 13

alpha fetal protein cancer

Answer 13

liver cancer

Question 14

carcinoembryonic antigen cancer

Answer 14

bowel cancer

Question 15

cancer immunoediting concept

Answer 15

EEE

Elimination
Equilibrium
Escape

Question 16

proposed that immune system supresses development of cancer

Answer 16

erlich

Question 17

proposed immune surveilence theory - immune system recognizes and removes transformed cells before they become cancer

Answer 17

burnett and thomas

Question 18

reported that freq of cancer in immune def mice is same as immune competent mice

Answer 18

stutman

Question 19

how are transformed cells removed

Answer 19

by combination of innate and adaptive immune cells

Question 20

how do NK cells kill transformed cells

Answer 20

produce cytokines like IL12 and IFNY
interact w ligands upregulated on tranformed cells
kill cells w altered MHCI expression
ADCC

Question 21

cytokine TNFa

Answer 21

apoptosis

Question 22

cytokines IFNY

Answer 22

activate macrophages

Question 23

neo tumor antigens

Answer 23

antigens edited by tumor cells bc they are unstable genetically and want to avoid antigen specific T cells and the adaptive immune response

balance bc well make more ag specific T cells and tumor antiggens will continue to change

Question 24

in vivo CAR

Answer 24

using viral vectors and nanoparticles to put CAR plasmid in there

• they target T cells w anti CD3 to put their CAR DNA or mRNA

Question 25

risk of in vivo CAR

Answer 25

cytokine storm

Question 26

generations of CAR

Answer 26

first generation can produce signal 1 second can produce signal 2 and third has costimulatory domains

Question 27

transfer of cancer case

Answer 27

melanoma in equilibrium that wazs thought to be gone was transferred through a kidney transplant

Question 28

melanoma transfer case patients 1 and 2

Answer 28

patient 1 died and patient 2 had IFNY treatment that cuased rejection of the kidney

Question 29

what cytokines are in an antitumor microenvrioemnt

Answer 29

IFN Y and IL 12

Question 30

what cytokines are in a protumor enviroment

Answer 30

TGF B IL10

Question 31

how do cancer cells escape immune ersonse

Answer 31

produce immunosupressive factors produce T reg ccytokines attract suppresor type macrophags upregulate co inhibitory molecules- dampens anti tumor response

Question 32

what are the escape mechanisms for tumors HLA

Answer 32

-not inducing immune response: lack costimulation, upregulation of co inhibition, or down regulation of HLA if they dont express MHC I ti wont be recognized by CD8+ but then NK cells kill them bc they dont have MHC I

Question 33

other tumor escape mechanisms

Answer 33

upregulate PDL1 on tumor fibrin and collagen- hiddne from immune system secrete immunosupressive cytokines and factors- trigger immunosupressive macrophages or regulator T cells T cells exhausted and upregulate coinhibitory receptors like CTLA4 and pD1 low immunogenicity antigen

Question 34

coleys toxin

Answer 34

cancer immunotherapy treatment that has heat killed bacteria

Question 35

waht is coleys toxin used for

Answer 35

bone and soft tissue sarcoma activated immune system but not used today

Question 36

non specific immunotherapy

Answer 36

IL2 for renal and cell carcinoma adverse effects too high

Question 37

what immmunotherapy cancer treatment is still uesd today

Answer 37

injection of BCG bacteria into bladder attracts immune cells such as macrophages and DCand activates anti tumor immunity

Question 38

list the cancer immunotherapy strategies

Answer 38

1. toxin conjugatess mAB 2. adoptively transferred ag loaded DC 3. adoptively transferred T ecll 4. engineered CAR T cell 5. immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD1 and CTLA4)

Question 39

current mAB therapy for cancer

Answer 39

tumor molecules- herceptin (anti- HER2) and ritixumab (anti CD20) immune cell molecuels (ipitilulmab anti CTLA4

Question 40

what cancer vaccines are in use

Answer 40

vaccines against oncogenic viruses (HPV) DC vaccines oncolytic viruses incorporating tumor antigens

Question 41

what does CD20 do

Answer 41

induces apoptosis in B cells leads to tumor cell destruction activates classical complement cell lysis throuogh caspase 39 ADCC phagocytosis through c3b complement

Question 42

cancer vaccines using DC

Answer 42

take patient DCs and culture to express specific antigen and put back in patient and now DC can activate T cells in patient