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Year 2 > Block 9 Week 3 > Flashcards

Block 9 Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipooxygenase pathway

A

Arachidionic acid derivate to convert -> leukotrienes which has a vasoconstricting effect

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2
Q

Cycloxoxygenase pathway

A

Arachidioxic acid derivative -> prostaglandins for vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

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3
Q

Kallikrein system

A

Activated by Hageman factor (zymogen factor XII). Converts Hageman Factor (XII) -> bradykinin/plasminogen/plasmin

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4
Q

Foreign body macrophages

A

Macrophages in a granuloma which have multiple nuclei and a foreign body. Generated in response to foreign pathogen.

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5
Q

Non specific chronic inflammation

A

Occurs after persistent viral infection characterised by lmyphocytes and plasma cells. Continues to stimulate immune response in liver

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6
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Response to agents which are difficult to clear using lysosymal enzymes or lymphocytes

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7
Q

Ebola

A

Transmitted through bodily fluids. Spread due to societal upheaval and high virulent.

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8
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Positive sense RNA

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9
Q

Flow cytometry

A

Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species

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10
Q

What is an epithelioid?

A

Cells with resemble epithelia. In a granuloma, macrophages can resemble cuboidal epithelia

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11
Q

Non-caesating granuloma

A

Macrophage core with an epithelioid morphology surrounded by lymphocytes and fibroblasts caused by non-infectious causes

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12
Q

Caesating granuloma

A

Contains necrotic cells that form a necrotic centre. Macrophages, lymphcytes and neutrophils are present with an infectious aetiology such as tuberculosis

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13
Q

Stages of lobar pneumoniae

A

Congestion, consolidation, grey hepatisization, resolution, organisation

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14
Q

Organisation

A

Scar formaiton due to loss of structural integrity

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15
Q

Digital spatial profiling

A

Staining tissue sections for antibodies

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16
Q

Rotavirus

A

Double stranded DNA which causes diarrhoea

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17
Q

Examples of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

Zidovudine and Diadnovosine

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18
Q

Adenovirus

A

Causes URT infection in infants and young children and virus that causes enteritis. Transmitted via droplets

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19
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

Partially double stranded DNA virus with an RNA intermediate. Examples include

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20
Q

Sarcoid granuloma

A

Type of non-caesating granuloma with a macrophage core of epithelioid morphology surrounded by fibroblasts

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21
Q

Touton giant cell

A

Giant cells are formed by the fusion of multiple cell types. Touton giant cell is found in granuloma and are multinucleate, surrounded by lipid bodies

22
Q

Viruses which spread via aerosol that appear as rashes

A

Chcieknpox, parvovirus, measles, rubella

23
Q

Alternative to endocytosis viral penetration

A

Binding to host cell via spikes and fusing to release nucleocapsid inside

24
Q

DNA viruses

A

Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Herpes, Epstein-Barr virus a type of herpes

25
Q

What are nucleotide analogues used for?

A

Treatment of herpes and varicella foster virus

26
Q

Norovirus

A

Naked virus with positive sense RNA. It is mainly seasonal, considered winter vomiting flu and spreads via contaminated surfaces.

27
Q

How does herpes virus spread?

A

Cutaneous contact such as kissing and sexual intercourse

28
Q

Treatment for influenza

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

29
Q

What stimulates production of anti-inflammatory mediators?

A

Levels of prostaglandins

30
Q

PAF

A

Platelet activating facotr produced from mast cells and basophils which causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and bronchoconstriction and can lead to endotoxin shock

31
Q

What is the effect of PAF at low levels?

A

Vasodilation

32
Q

What is the highest route of infection transmission?

A

Blood transfuison

33
Q

How do enveloped viruses leave cells?

A

Budding- this does not cause cell lysis and instead is a form of exocytosis

34
Q

Rabies

A

Negative strand RNA which is converted into positive strand RNA in genome replication. Forms negative viral mRNA for formation of viral proteins and capsid proteins

35
Q

Which viruses spread via mucosal contact?

A

Herpes and HIV

36
Q

Which viruses spread via saliva?

A

Herpes, cytomegalovirus

37
Q

Latent infection

A

Genetic material integrated into host cell

38
Q

Thromboxane

A

Derivative of the cycloxoygenase pathway which causes the vasoconstriction of blood vessels and proliferation of smooth muscle, leading to vascular hypertrophy. Increases platelet aggregation.

39
Q

Effect of prostacyclin

A

Opposite of thromboxane and causes the inhibition of platelet aggregation and increases vasodilation

40
Q

Which viruses have latency?

A

Herpes virus, HPV, HIV, Hep B

41
Q

What do viruses code for?

A

3 protein classes
Progeny viral particles
Enzymes for genome replication
Proteins to interfere with immune defence

42
Q

Location of RNA virus replication?

A

Extranuclear

43
Q

How is Hepatitis C treated?

A

Combination of direct acting anti-virals such as protease inhibitors

44
Q

Which cytokine is involved in viral infection?

A

Interferon alpha and gamma which stimulate the host restriction factor RNAses

45
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

Phospholipid origin which causes vasodilation at low conc and vasoconstriction at high conc and increase neutrophil oxidative burst

46
Q

What are the potent vasodilators?

A

Prostaglandin and prostacyclin

47
Q

What are the potent vasoconstrictors?

A

Thromboxanes

48
Q

HIV-1 origin of transmission

A

Zoonosis. HIV-1 primarily occupies the gut due to prescence of CD4+ cells

49
Q

How does HIV-1 affect cells?

A

Apoptosis or bystander killing of cells surrounding infected tissue

50
Q

Why was smallpox eradicated?

A

No subclinical infections, only one dominant variant, no animal resorvoir and active surveillance.

51
Q
A

Year 2 (247 decks)

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