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year 2 > Harvluck B10 W1 > Flashcards

Harvluck B10 W1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which drug causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Aspirin overdose

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2
Q

Tachypnoea

A

Rapid breathing- in kidney examination, indicates pulmonary oedema

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3
Q

pH range of blood

A

7.34 -7.38

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4
Q

Bradypnoea in kidney examination

A

Uraemia that leads to encephalopathy and opioid toxicity.

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5
Q

Why does bradypnoea occur?

A

Reduced GFR so oedema occurs and there is water accumulation in the lungs

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6
Q

Production of ADH hormone

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Continuous curve of drug

A

IV dosage

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8
Q

Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Loss of H+ in urine and retention of sodium

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9
Q

Buffers to ph change in body

A

Intracellular proteins
Haemoglobin
EC fluid containing HCO3-

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10
Q

Angiotensinogen production

A

Liver

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11
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

Gasping, laboured breathing in respiratory acidosis

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12
Q

Glucocorticoids effect on the kidney

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption and reduces urine output

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13
Q

Location of Na-K-Cl cotransporter

A

Basolateral membrane of Loop of Henle
DCT

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14
Q

Most abundant cation in blood plasma

A

Na+

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15
Q

Most abundant anion in blood plasma

A

Cl-

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16
Q

Most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

A

K+

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17
Q

Most abundant anion in the interstitial fluid

A

Cl-

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18
Q

Most abundant cation in the interstitial fluid

A

Na+

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19
Q

Most abundant anion in intracellular fluid

A

HCO3-

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20
Q

Groups susceptible to acid-base imbalance

A

Infants and elderly

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21
Q

Which cells conserve K+?

A
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22
Q

Effect of fever on acidosis/alkalosis?

A

Causes respiratory alkalosis due to increased respiratory drive

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23
Q

Low blood pressure in kidney examination

A

Sepsis

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24
Q

Sediment in urine

A

Infection
Vesico-colic fistula

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25
Q

Change in haemoglobin levels

A

Chronic renal impairment

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26
Q

90% of ion is reabsorbed in PCT

A

K+

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27
Q

Natural diuretics

A

Melons, leafy greens, dandelion leaves, cucumbers

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28
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Depression of respiratory centre due to drugs/narcotics
Restrictive or obstructive lung diseases such as emphysema

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29
Q

High blood pressure in kidney examination

A

Fluid overload

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30
Q

Avoid use of K+ sparing diuretics with?

A

ACE inhibitors: worsens hyperkalemia

31
Q

Steady state in IV dosage

A

Occurs after 4 tries

32
Q

How is urine concentrated?

A

Reabsorption of solutes

33
Q

Glucose and amino acid reabsorption mechanism

A

Secondary active transport: facillitated diffusion

34
Q

Pericardial rub in examination

A

Pericarditis (inflammation of heart lining) which occurs in kidney failure due to uraemia

35
Q

Reabsorption of Ca2+

A

DCT via Na+-Cl antiporter

36
Q

Effect of hydration on filtrate

A

Reduced osmolarity because of high water conc and lower Na+ conc

37
Q

Effect of dehydration on filtrate

A

increased osmolarity because of low water conc and higher Na+ conc

38
Q

Effect of oestrogen on kidney

A

Increase sodium reabsorption and reduce urine output

39
Q

Osmotic diuretics use

A

Decrease intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure

40
Q

Pain in kidney disease

A

Loin pain, suprapubic pain, ureteric colic pain

41
Q

Bicarbonate in pH changes

A

pH low: production of new bicarbonate
pH high- excreted into urine

42
Q

How is hydrogen ion excreted in the urine?

A

Forms dihydrogen phosphate i phosphate buffer system

43
Q

Hormone released from adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

44
Q

Cloudiness of urine

A

Excess WBC due to infection

45
Q

Which kidney vessel has completely filtered blood?

A

Renal vein

46
Q

Paracellular diffusion of ions

A

Magnesium, calcium, K+, Cl-

47
Q

Progesterone effect on kidney

A

Decreased Na+ reabsorption and increased urinary output

48
Q

Water reabsorption

A

Descending loop of Henle and collecting duct

49
Q

Passive paracellular diffusion in ascending loop of Henle

A

Calcium and magnesium

50
Q

Base in phosphate buffer system

A

Hydrogen phosphate ion

51
Q

Medications important in renal history

A

NSAIDS, antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives

52
Q

Increased kidney size- causes

A
53
Q

What prevents movement of plasma proteins in glomerular filtration?

A

Podocytes

54
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Long loop and glomerulus closer to cortex-medullary junction and efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

55
Q

What is used to detect protein in urine?

A

Bromphenol blue which is albumin sensitivie

56
Q

Muscle cramps in kidney disease

A
57
Q

Secretion of cations in PCT

A

H+ antiporter

58
Q

Histology of Loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal epithelia

59
Q

Endogenous organic anions secreted in PCT

A

Urate, bile salts and ketoacids

60
Q

Principal cells

A

Cells involved in sodium-water balance which secretes K+ into filtrate

61
Q

The pH in blood vessels

A

Acidic pH in veins and alkaline pH in arteries

62
Q

Exogenous anions

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin and diuretic

63
Q

Organic cations

A

Creatine and drugs such as trimethoprim, cimetidine and quinidine

64
Q

Cortical nephron

A

Short loop, glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla. Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

65
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

pH is acidic, with high pCO2 and high HCO3

66
Q

How can bicarbonates be formed from?

A

Phosphate where H2CO3 splits and H+ combines with HPO4- while HCO3- is transported with teh CHO3-/Cl- transporter

67
Q

pH for alkalosis

A

7.38-7.8

68
Q

Sodium reabsorption in loop of Henle

A

25%

69
Q

Percutaneous nerve stimulation is a treatment for…

A

Urinary incontinence and faecal incontinence

70
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Hydrogen ATPase pumps which actively transport H+ into lumen for acid base homeostasis

71
Q

Why is venous blood more acidic?

A

Carbonic acid

72
Q

H+/ K+ ATPase pump

A

Located on DCT and collecting duct which mediates the movement for H+ out and K+ in.

73
Q

Buffering capacity controlled by RBCs

A

5%

74
Q

U and E

A

Test to detect blood abnormalities such as renal function

year 2 (247 decks)

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