Harvluck B10 W2

Question 1

Renal cell carcinoma- types

Answer 1

Clear cell
Papillary
Chromophobe
Oncocytic
Collecting duct

Question 2

Causes of pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction

Answer 2

Crossing of vessels

Question 3

Normal eGFR

Answer 3

Greater than 90

Question 4

Effect of kidney disease on electrolyte levels

Answer 4

Hypocalcaemia
Hyperphosphataemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia

Question 5

Which antibiotic should not be used in UTI?

Answer 5

Amoxicillin

Question 6

Progression of perfusion failure

Answer 6

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 7

Effect of cancer therapy on urinary tract

Answer 7

Radiation therapy results in irritation and causes bladder cancer

Question 8

Functional abnormalities of kidney that lead to UTI

Answer 8

Reflux of urine, stagnant urine, residual urine

Question 9

Hypocalcaemia effects

Answer 9

Cardiac arrythmia, muscle spasms, paraesthesia

Question 10

Intrinsic risk factors for urinary stone

Answer 10

Malabsorption such as Crohn’s disease
Neurological disease of the spinal cord
UTI
Genetic

Question 11

Extrinsic risk factors for Urinary stone

Answer 11

Seasonal-hotter months, diet high in salt, low in water, Geography

Question 12

Medications for AKI risk

Answer 12

Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, gentamycin, vancomycin and chemotherapy

Question 13

Function of PSA

Answer 13

Liquify seminal coagulum in ejaculate for fertilisation

Question 14

Urethral syndrome

Answer 14

Irritation of urethra

Question 15

Causes of chemical cystitis

Answer 15

Ketamine, BCG

Question 16

Which type of kidney disease is found in screening?

Question 17

Pregnancy and UTI

Answer 17

Gestational glycosuria
Dilated ureters
Incomplete bladder emptying

Question 18

Kidney function in abnormal creatinine

Question 19

Risk factors for penile cancer

Answer 19

Poor hygiene, smoking and HPV

Question 20

Lymphatic spread of prostatic cancer

Answer 20

Obturator, iliac and para-aortic lymph node

Question 21

Cause of false positives with high PSA

Answer 21

Prostatis, BPH

Question 22

Leukocyte esterase-falsely negative

Question 23

Toxin produced by E.Coli

Answer 23

Alpha haemolysin

Question 24

Hydronephrosis

Answer 24

Swelling of the kidney caused by loss of filtering tissue

Question 25

Presence of epithelial cells in urine

Answer 25

Contamination

Question 26

Infections causing acute kidney injury

Answer 26

HIV and endocarditis

Question 27

Urethral syndrome

Answer 27

Idiopathic aetiology where there is irritation of the urethra. Caused by low bacteria count, STI, non-infective inflammation.

Question 28

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 28

Spread hematogenous and causes chest infection and result in upper UTI in the kidney.

Question 29

Urolithiasis

Answer 29

Stones in urinary tract

Question 30

Effect of hyperphosphatemia

Answer 30

Bone abnormalities and CVD risk

Question 31

Why are nitrites are falsely negative?

Answer 31

Bacteria which are nitrite negative
Low bacteria number

Question 32

Leukocyte esterase

Answer 32

Patients who take antibiotic, glycosuria