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Year 2 > Parasitic infections : helminths and arthopods > Flashcards

Parasitic infections : helminths and arthopods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of helminths?

A

Flukes, tapeworms and roundworms. These are all parasitic worms

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2
Q

What are cestodes?

A

Tapeworms such as echonosia granulosa and taenia spp.

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3
Q

What are trematodes?

A

Flukes such as schistosoma and fasicola hepatica

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4
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Roundworms such as ascaris

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5
Q

What is a larval cyst?

A

Young and inactive tapeworm

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6
Q

How are helminths transmitted?

A

Infection by larvae or eggs present on surfaces or contaminated food which cause pathology and have tortuous (bendy) migration in the host. Adults cannot replicate.

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7
Q

What is a characterisitic marker of helminth infection?

A

Eosinophilia (high levels of eosinophils in the blood

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8
Q

What are soil-transmitted helminths?

A

Contamination of soil with the faeces containing larvae of an infected person
Roundworm: ascariasis
Whipworm: trichuris
Hookworm: necator or anclostoma

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9
Q

How does whipworm infiltrate the GI tract?

A

Trichuris larvae directly enter the GI tract

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10
Q

How does roundworm infiltrate the GI tract?

A

Ascariasis larvae travels via blood -> heart -> lungs -> intestines

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11
Q

How does hookworm infiltrate the GI tract?

A

Necator/anclostoma larvae travels via blood -> heart -> lungs -> intestines

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12
Q

What are the manifestations of soil-transmitted helminths?

A

At low levels of infection, asymptomatic, Can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhoea. Worms feed on blood and protein leading to loss and anaemia and muscle wasting and rectal prolapse. There is impaired uptake of glucose

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13
Q

How are soil-transmitted helminths treated?

A

Deworming medication which disrupts the microtubular integrity by inhibiting tubulin polymerisation. This prevents motility and replication

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14
Q

How is ascariasis transmitted?

A

Nematode (roundworm) via faeco-oral transmission of eggs. It hatches when swallowed and invades intestinal mucosa to enter the lungs where it matures and ascend up the pharynx to be swallowed. This gives it access to the lumen of the small intestine for up to 2 years to cause intestinal illness.

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15
Q

What happens following ascarasis transmission?

A

Invades intestinal mucosa to enter portal circulation and reach the systemic circulation of the lungs. Matures in the lungs and penetrates the alveolar walls to ascend the bronchial tree and be swallowed to travel into the small intestine. Larvae are released in the faeces and become embryonate (infective). They hatch when swallowed.

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16
Q

What is taeniasis?

A

Cestode parasitic infection caused by the ingestion of larval cysts of the tapeworm. Species are classified based on the cattle affected such as beef and pork that has grazed on infected vegetation.

17
Q

What is the host for Athenians is?

A

Pigs.

18
Q

What is the mechanism of taeniasis?

A

Larval cysts are ingested and develops from oncospheres -> cysterni in muscle and hatches to penetrate intestinal walls. It matures into adult form in the large intestine. Asymptomatic but causes weight loss and constipation and diarrhoea.

19
Q

What is cysticercosis?

A

Parasitic tissue infection caused by larval cysts of the taenia solium tapeworm due to the ingestion of eggs which mature into larvae that migrate to the different organs, including the brain and major cause of adult seizure

20
Q

What is schistosomiasis?

A

Parasitic infection caused by a blood fluke which leads to chronic inflammation. It is the leading cause ofdeath by parasitic infection second to malaria. It is transmitted by swimming in free water and snails are an intermediate host.

21
Q

What are the species of schistosomiasis?

A

Mansoni, hematoboium, and japonicum

22
Q

Which species of schistosomiasis causes intestinal illness?

A

Mansoni and jeparacium. They can lead to secondary hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and portal hypertension

23
Q

Which species of schistosomiasis infects the urinary bladder?

A

Hematoboium that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma and pulmonary hypertension

24
Q

What causes manifestation of schistosomiasis?

A

Eggs derive nutrition from the intestine or the bladder and enter portal circulation in liver to mature into adults where they reside in blood vessels. The ongoing exposure to eggs triggers chronic inflammation in the body and intestinal bleeding and iron-deficiency anaemia

25
Q

Which body systems are affected by schistosomiasis?

A

Liver, intestines, bladder, lungs which undergo continous damage

26
Q

How is schistosomiasis transmitted?

A

Swimming in fresh water, and snails are the intermediate host.

27
Q

What is Elephantitis?

A

Also known as lymphatic filiariasis, it is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm filiarisis transmitted by mosquito bites which infiltrate and block the lymph nodes, leading to oedema and enlargemnt of the limbs.

28
Q

What is Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Cestode/tapeworm infection where sheep are the intermediate host with food contaminated with dog faeces and results in Hyatid cysts in the liver.

29
Q

What are the types of filarial roundworms?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, brugia timori. As adults they produce microfilariae

30
Q

What is River Blindness disease?

A

Caused by the parasite oncherca vervus which breeds near fast flowing water near rivers and is the leading cause of blindness in African countries.

31
Q

What is Hyatid disease?

A

Caused bycestode tapewoem echnicoccus granulosus. The eggs are present in faeces. They develop into larval cysts in the organs such as the liver and become adults only in a definitive host that are dogs and canines.

32
Q

What is guinea worm disease?

A

Caused by dracunculus medinensis migrates through the subcutaneous tissue which causes severe pain in the joints.

33
Q

What are arthopods?

A

Caused by invertebrae that induce disease, includes lice, scabies and fleas

34
Q

What is scabies?

A

Infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabie var hominis which burrows into the epidermis and lays its eggs, causing scaling and vesicles.

35
Q

How is scabies transmitted?

A

Direct skin-skin contact which causes intense itchinga dn pimple-like rash

36
Q

What are the types of flatworms?

A

Cestodes and Trematode.

37
Q

Which immune cells are raised in worm conditions?

A

Eosinophils

Year 2 (247 decks)

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