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Year 2 > Block 10 Formative > Flashcards

Block 10 Formative Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the excitability of nerve and muscle cells?

A

Levels of K+ in the blood

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2
Q

Difference between afferent and efferent arteriole

A

Efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter

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3
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin 2 in kidney arterioles?

A

Stimulates release of NO in afferent arteriole for vasodilation.

Induces vasoconstriction in EFFERENT arteriole.

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4
Q

Site of bicarbonate reabsorption

A

Majorly: PCT

Lesser extent by intercalated cells of collecting duct and DCT

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5
Q

Ionised antibiotic with rapid clearance by kidneys

A

Gentamycin- aminoglycoside which is given for gram-negative bacterial infection. It can lead to ototoxicity and kidney damage. Clearance is dependant on kidney function.

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6
Q

Effect of lithium in the kidney

A

Free drug absorbed in the GI tract. In the kidney, it substitutes for Na+ in sodium channels. It has a low therapeutic index.

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7
Q

Level of renal artery

A

L1-L2

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8
Q

Where does E.Coli spread from to cause UTI?

A

Anus to urethra

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9
Q

Osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol which elevate blood plasma osmolality as a treatment for increased intraocular pressure and cerebral oedema.

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10
Q

Most common cause of nephritic syndrome

A

Glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

Normal variant in urine

A

Hyaline cast found in healthy individuals who may be dehydrated or undergoing strenuous exercise.

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12
Q

Most reliable guide for presence of bacterial infection in urine

A

Nitrite which cause NO3-> N02 catalysed by nitrite reductase

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13
Q

When are nitrites falsely negative?

A

Patients taking
Vitamin C
Low bacteria levels
Bacterial in ifection caused by non-nitrate reducing bacteria

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14
Q

Cause of obstruction at the vesico-ureteric junction

A

Bladder cancer

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15
Q

Cause of obstruction at the bladder outflow

A

BPH

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16
Q

Imaging technique to view kidney pathology

A

Ultrasound

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17
Q

What is an important indicator for glomerular filtration rate?

A

Para aminohippurate clearance

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18
Q

What is an important indicator for renal function?

A

Creatinine clearance

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19
Q

Level of kidney

A

T12-L3

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20
Q

What prevents ascent of the kidney in development?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

Common type of bladder cancer

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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22
Q

Effect of gentamycin

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic which causes apoptosis of renal epithelial cells leading to AKI

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23
Q

IgA nephropathy

A

Occurs 1-2 DAYS after infection where haematuria and mesanglial cells hyperproliferating develops

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24
Q

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Infection with streptococcus pyogenes. Develops after WEEKS with haematuria.

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25
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

Immune complex IgG, IgM and C deposition in the glomeruli. Follows signs of haematuria + proteinuria.

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26
Q

CRP

A

C-reactive protein which is a marker of inflammation

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27
Q

Albumin levels in inflammation

A

Levels decrease due to leakage into the capillary space

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28
Q

Structure in the kidneys which detects changes in salt concentration

A

Macula densa

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29
Q

Baroreceptors in the kidney

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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30
Q

Hypocalcaemia signs

A

Perioral paraesthesia, cramps, tetany and convulsions

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31
Q

Lobe of prostate affected in BPH

A

Median lobe of prostate

32
Q

Cells affected in renal cell carcinoma

A

Proximal renal tubular epithelium

33
Q

Role of GnRH agonists

A

Treatment of prostate cancer to suppress GnRH and LH production. Briefly causes an increase in the size of the prostate.

34
Q

Horse shoe kidney

A

Kidneys are fused on the lower base and cross in the lower aorta

35
Q

Features of minimal change disease

A

Fusion of podocytes

36
Q

Aldosterone’s target action

A

DCT and collecting duct

37
Q

ECG sign of hyperkalemia

A

Tall tented T waves
Small or absent P waves and Wide QRS complex
Sinusoidal waveform

38
Q

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

A

Desmopressin

39
Q

Action of angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole

40
Q

Function of thiazide diuretics

A

Hypercalciuria and renal stones

41
Q

Largest zone of prostate gland

A

Peripheral zone

42
Q

Effect of heparin

A

Hyperkalemia

43
Q

Greatest osmolarity in loop of Henle

A

Tip of loop of henle

44
Q

Effect of muscle damage on kidneys

A

Rhabdomyolysis is breakdown of muscle tissue and causes renal tubular necrosis

45
Q

Measure of renal function

A

Insulin

46
Q

Bladder carcinoma linked to smoking

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

47
Q

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Persistent activation of alternative complement pathway

48
Q

Nephrotic syndrome- considerations

A

Loss of albumin in urine creates hypercoagulable state because anti-thrombin and heparin rely on this to prevent clotting.

49
Q

Types of jaundice

A

Obstructive jaundice
Hepatocellular jaundice
Haemolytic jaundice

50
Q

Effect of insulin on ion levels

A

Causes a decrease of intracellular K+ levels

51
Q

Effect of loop diuretics on ions

A

Increased urination causes loss of Na+, K+, H20.

52
Q

Majority of Na+ absorption in the nephron

A

Ascending limb of loop of Henle (25%)
Majority in PCT

53
Q

Action of osmotic diuretics

A

Mannitol, urea, glycin

Act on the parts of the nephron permeable to water such as the PCT, descending loop of Henle and collectind duct. Increases solute concentration to increase water retention for urination
-> Major loss of ions such as nNa+, Mg2+, Ca2+. K+.

54
Q

Action of Furosemide loop diuretics

A

Inhibit Na+/ K+/ Ca2+ co transporter in ascending loop of Henle
-> may induce renin release due to low volume

55
Q

Thiazide diuretic

A

Thiazide inhibits Na+/Ca2+ transporter. Promotes urea reabsorption in PCT and may lead to uric acid increase and gout.

56
Q

Location of water absorption

A

PCT

57
Q

What interferes with PSA levels?

A

Vigorous exercise

58
Q

Which vitamin can cause kidney stone formation?

A

Vitamin C promotes calcium oxolate formation
-> minorly Vitamin D because it promotes hypercalcieuria

59
Q

What is the range of BP that does NOT affect renal blood flow?

A

80-180 mmHg
-> Beyond this, GFR is affected

60
Q

Which region of the kidney do carcinomas arise?

A

PCT

61
Q

Which medication should be stopped in AKI?

A

Diuretics because they worsen renal function

62
Q

Type of bladder cancer in Schistosomiasis hematobomium

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

Features of dehydration

A

Metabolic acidosis
Rising haematocrit
High Na+ levels

64
Q

What is a hyaline cast?

A

Formed of Tamms-Hormsfall protein present in urine after exercsie, fever, dehydration or use of loop diuretics

65
Q

Kidney disease with high phospholipase A2

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

66
Q

Which ions must be monitored in AKI?

A

K+ and H+ in DCT and collecting duct

67
Q

Affected chromosome in polycystic kidney disease

A

Chromosome 16 and causes berry aneurysms in the brain which rupture and subarachnoid haemorrhage

68
Q

Effect of Na+ in nephrotic syndrome

A

Low

69
Q

Lobes affected in BPH

A

Lateral and middle

70
Q

How does venous blood affect RAAS?

A

Longer time for baroreceptors to respond

71
Q

How does arterial blood affect RAAS?

A

RAAS system responds immediately to drop in BP

72
Q

What affects clearance of substance in kidney nephron?

A

Diffusivity across basement membrane

73
Q

Cells that produce renin

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

74
Q

Which part of the kidney is affected in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Vasopressin receptor

75
Q

What are the common species involved in pyelonephritis infection?

A

Enterococci, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Staphylococci

76
Q

What is the cause of stress incontinence?

A

Weakness of pelvic muscles or urinary bladder sphicnter

77
Q
A

Year 2 (247 decks)

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