High Yield Block 13 Flashcards
What is cystic fibrosis associated with?
Causes absent vas deferens, leading to infertility.
What is transfer factor?
Rate at which a gas will diffuse from alveoli into blood. Carbon monoxide is used to test the rate of diffusion.
What does a higher transfer factor mean?
Faster time for gas diffusion across alveoli, due to greater pulmonary volume or more available haemoglobin.
This occurs with exercise, polycythaemia and pulmonary haemorrhage and asthma.
What causes a low transfer factor?
Longer has exchange time/reduced pulmonary blood volume.
This occurs in pulmonary fibrosis, oedema, anaemia, emphysema and bradycardia.
What causes a shiftt in the oxygen disassociation curve to the right?
Lower affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen with:
Higher temperature, CO2, and lower pH.
In response to this, the enhanced availability of oxygen in tissue increases.
What causes a shiftt in the oxygen disassociation curve to the left ?
Increased affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen when:
Lower temperature, higher pH, less CO2 and less 2,3 DPG.
There is decreased availability of oxygen to the tissues.
Which lung carcinoma causes paraneoplastic syndrome?
Small cell carcinoma. This consists of high ADH and ACTH secretion and Lambort-Eaton myasthenia syndrome.
Squamous cell carcinoma can also cause this.
What is the cause of finger clubbing?
Low levels of oxygen due to chronic lung disease or malabsorption from Crohn’s disease or Coeliac’s.
What is a hamartoma?
Benign mass made up of the same cells that make up the surrounding tissue. This is the most common mass found in the lung periphery.
What causes an increase in functional residual capacity?
Increased volume of air at the end of expiration due to:
Limitation of expiration with Asthma and obstructive conditions like COPD and emphysema
Upright position
What causes a decrease in functional residual capacity?
Lower volume of air in the lungs at the end of expiration due to reduced elastic recoil:
Muscle relaxants
Obesity
Restrictive lung conditions like pulmonary fibrosis.
Which lung condition is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
Intrapulmonary nodules,
What is the cause of hyper inflated lungs and flattened diaphragm?
COPD, which leads to a greater FRC.
Chromosome affected in cystic fibrosis?
CFTR- gene on Chromosome 7.
What is sarcoidosis?
Inflammatory condition where overreactivity of the immune system following past exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to non-caseating granuloma formation in the lungs. The hilar lymph nodes are most commonly affected and the high levels of T cells results in elevated ACE enzyme and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy,
