Lecture 6

Question 1

what does changing the temporal structure of a note cause?

Answer 1

change in the neural response and perceptual experience

Question 2

what is the power spectra?

Answer 2

indicates relative magnitude of freq components that combine to make up signal

Question 3

what does reversing attack and decay show?

Answer 3

shows how important timbre is- playing the same note doesnt mean it’s going to sound the same

Question 4

how do major and minor chords differ?

Answer 4

• associated neural processing
• affective experience they generate

Question 5

why do major and minor chords differ?

Answer 5

relatively small change in raw info/data available

Question 6

what differences does a minor chord have from a major chord?

Answer 6

• minor has 2 out of 3 same notes but there is a difference in the half-step for the third notes

Question 7

what does shifting a single note do?

Answer 7

one half step can cause it to sound like you have stepped out of key

Question 8

what does the power spectra fail to convey?

Answer 8

fails to convey any info about temporal changes in harmonic amplitude which is crucial to timbre

Question 9

what was Schutz and Vaisberg interested in?

Answer 9

determining the amount of amplitude variation found in temporal structures of auditory stimuli using systematic review

Question 10

what were the 3 classifications of stimuli in the Schutz study?

Answer 10

flat (lacking temporal variation)
percussive (decaying notes)
other (sustained notes with no decay)

Question 11

what was the results from the Schutz and Vaisberg study?

Answer 11

35% of studies reported no info about temporal structure of stimuli whatsoever
- went into exhaustive detail about other aspects

Question 12

what was discovered about 4 yr old when they played instruments together?

Answer 12

more spontaneous acts of helping each other
- active condition

Question 13

what was discovered about infants that bounced in time with music show?

Answer 13

more prosocial helping behavior than those who weren’t in sync

Question 14

what happens to newborns when a strong beat “skips a beat”?

Answer 14

larger mismatch response (MMR, using EEG)
compared to weaker beat that suggests they begin modelling some aspects of temporal dynamic from early age
- form of error signal

Question 15

when do aspects of neural response to music happen?

Answer 15

adult responses start at 8 or 9 yrs old

Question 16

joint action

Answer 16

involves cooperation with at least one other person to achieve some goal often requiring some high degree of temporal spatial coordination
- involves joint attention

Question 17

what was the Novembre, Mitsopoulos, Keller study?

Answer 17

pairs of participants perform a joint-music making task involving rotating handles on music boxes

Question 18

what was the construct measured called in joint action experiment?

Answer 18

empathetic perspective taking

Question 19

what was the outcome of the joint action experiment?

Answer 19

high EPT followers able to model/predict what their partner did
- empathetic perspective taking promotes interpersonal coordination by enhancing accuracy in predicting others behavior

Question 20

what do motor simulations do?

Answer 20

represent actions by the same motor structures involved in reproduction of actions

Question 21

when do motor representations get activated?

Answer 21

when perceiving rhythm

Question 22

what was the Novembre, Ticini, Schutz-Bosbach and Keller study?

Answer 22

people played half of duet with right hand
- whether or not left hand part of duet was manipulated it needed to adapt

Question 23

what was used to stimulate the right hemisphere?

Answer 23

TMS
- contralateral wiring

Question 24

what was the result of the TMS experiment?

Answer 24

TMS-based manipulation negatively impacted what was being played with the right hand for the group that had learned the left-hand part
- group which learned the left hand part of piece were drawing on representation within motor systme to guide behavior for the right-hand controlled piece

Question 25

what are motor based representations important for?

Answer 25

internalized musical representations that guide behavior

Question 26

what does the TMS study discuss?

Answer 26

co-representations of observed and executed actions is important for rhythmic cooperation

Question 27

what was the Fairhurst, Janata and Keller study?

Answer 27

manipulated whether virtual partner in rhythm-based tapping task was cooperative or difficult

Question 28

what did the tapping experiment find?

Answer 28

activity in premotor cortex increased in cooperative condition