Lecture 30

Question 1

what are some mediating variables that shape the effects of musical experiences

Answer 1

physiological arousal, emotion, anxiety, apathy, pleasure, sleep quality

Question 2

describe NMT and what does it stand for

Answer 2

neurologic music therapy -> refers to a range of therapies that target changes in the brain to provide relief for symptoms associated with neurological disorders

Question 3

what does NMT emphasize about their practices

Answer 3

standardized and evidence based best practices

Question 4

_____ can affect aspects of speech, including control and/or execution

Answer 4

motor speech disorders

Question 5

define dysarthria

Answer 5

problems related to activation and control of the articulators -> speech related deficits

Question 6

define articulators

Answer 6

muscles involved in speech

Question 7

what does dysarthria emerge from

Answer 7

damages to motor neurons, basal ganglia or cerebellum

Question 8

true or false - speaking and singing share the same mechanisms

Answer 8

true

Question 9

what are transfer effects and how are they related to singing

Answer 9

singing is thought of as exaggerated versions of things that need to be done during speech -> expected to produce generalizable effects

Question 10

what does the DIVA stand for and what does this model propose

Answer 10

directions into velocities of articulators -> chunks of speech are coded by the CNS in the form of auditory-temporal and somatosensory based regions

Question 11

what kind of mechanisms does the DIVA model involve

Answer 11

feedforward -> programming instructions
feedback -> error detection and correction

Question 12

what is a non-medicinal treatment for dysarthria that produces some benefits

Answer 12

vocal training

Question 13

TBI patients with dysarthria reported improvements in what

Answer 13

speech rate, vocal range and intelligibility

Question 14

parkinson patients with dysarthria reported improvements with that

Answer 14

facial masking, lung function, vocal intensity, and fundamental frequency production

Question 15

cohen reported benefits from a large scale study involving a heterogenous sample… who was included

Answer 15

MS, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident

Question 16

apraxia affects what

Answer 16

various aspects of sensorimotor processing -> programming, planning and preparation

Question 17

a person with apraxia finds it difficulty with what

Answer 17

almost impossible to initiate speech, or unable to move the mouth or tongue to speak

Question 18

what is a form of neurological music therapy that can help people with apraxia

Answer 18

rhythmic speech cueing

Question 19

explain rhythmic speech cueing

Answer 19

provides a temporal framework to follow along while producing behavior such as speaking words in time of the tune

Question 20

brendal and ziegler tested patients who had stroke damage, what did they find

Answer 20

found that metrical pacing treatment produced produced larger improvements than articulatory treatment

Question 21

define aphasia

Answer 21

broca’s aphasia -> loss of ability to produce meaningful speech and difficulties with vocab, syntax and grammar

Question 22

what is something interesting about patients with aphasia (what can they do), how does this happen

Answer 22

they are able to sing familiar songs without difficulties -> right hemisphere which is heavily involved in melodic and rhythmic aspects of music

Question 23

what is a form of neurological musical therapy for aphasia

Answer 23

melodic intonation therapy (MIT)

Question 24

melodic intonation therapy uses _____ and _____ elements of speech

Answer 24

melodic and rhythmic

Question 25

what did MIT do in stroke patients

Answer 25

-> improvements in verbal output
-> increased volume and white matter in the arcuate fasciculus

Question 26

MIT in Broca’s aphasia patients seems to contribute to reactivation of speech relevant neural circuits in which hemisphere

Answer 26

left

Question 27

MIT has helped Alzheimer’s patients with that

Answer 27

speech fluency and content improval

Question 28

what is fluency defined as

Answer 28

relating to rate, effort, continuity and smoothness

Question 29

stuttering is more common who

Answer 29

in children

Question 30

stuttering may be caused by what

Answer 30

disorder that affects motor timing -> dysfunction in basal ganglia and supplementary motor area

Question 31

what item is among the most helpful aid for people with speech problems

Answer 31

metronome

Question 32

Alm argued that true or false - melody cannot exist without rhythm

Answer 32

true

Question 33

true or false - stuttering is found with only familiar lyrics

Answer 33

false - it is found in unfamiliar and familiar lyrics

Question 34

what were the results of the healy, mallard and adams on stuttering and singing lyrics to a melody

Answer 34

singing familiar lyrics led to a greatest reduction in stuttering
-> suggests people who stutter have the ability to internally create fluent speech output by implementing self generated melodic structures