Lecture 5

Question 1

what are the four ways fMRI can be used to assess functional connectivity

Answer 1

1. determine the seed location (brain location for the associated task)
2. measured neural activation
3. measure neural activation at other test locations
4. calculate correlation between seed and test location responses

Question 2

the striatum is part of what structure in the brain

Answer 2

basal ganglia

Question 3

the striatum can be divided into what two streams

Answer 3

ventral and dorsal

Question 4

increased dopamine in the dorsal striatum is associated with what

Answer 4

anticipation of the reward

Question 5

increased dopamine in the ventral striatum is associated with what

Answer 5

rewarding experiences

Question 6

according to research, pleasant music has been found to activate what part of the brain

Answer 6

ventral striatum -> nucleus accumbens

Question 7

what has research found out about the functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and ventral striatum

Answer 7

it is critical for the experience of pleasure than can be associated with listening to music

Question 8

describe the fast automatic subcortical pathway

Answer 8

it is essential for some simple sound-based stimuli to automatically activate the amygdala without it having to pass the usual cortical route

Question 9

what can the amygdala be activated by

Answer 9

music perceived as joyful, unpleasant or sad

Question 10

define the hippocampus formation

Answer 10

it can become active in response to music-evoked emotions like tenderness, peaceful and nostalgia

Question 11

list all the different involvements of the insula

Answer 11

1. multimodal integration
2. posterior responds to physical properties of sound
3. anterior responds to emotional aspects of sound

Question 12

what is the cingulate cortex associated with

Answer 12

error signals

Question 13

_______ can be considered a single musical unit that consists of _____ or more individual notes

Answer 13

chord/ three

Question 14

additional tones present in harmonics is referred to as ____ or _____

Answer 14

overtones or part of the vertical structure of music

Question 15

define the role of the secondary auditory cortex

Answer 15

perceiving and representing a musical unit

Question 16

what is multidimensional scaling

Answer 16

can measure subjective impressions of how similar/different sounds coming from different instruments are perceived to be

Question 17

_______ is the dominant aspect that gives a note a color/tone/texture

Answer 17

fundamental frequency

Question 18

true or false - harmonics are multiples of fundamental frequencies

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what are pure tones

Answer 19

sounds that consist of one single frequency played at a constant intensity for the entire time

Question 20

why is temporally invariant tones important to research

Answer 20

because much of the research undertaken on the cognitive and neurological basis of music perception is based on them