Lecture 4 Flashcards
what do many animals/humans have direct connections between?
motor and auditory cortices
what do beta-band oscillations facilitate?
communication across circuits involved in rhythm perception and production
what does connectivity between auditory and motor-based regions increase?
- active listening to/encoding auditory rhythms
- musical training
what do stronger beats increase?
corticospinal excitability
- enhanced with musical training
what helps facilitate foot tapping?
delivering TMS in time with piece of music
what kind of link do auditory and motor-related areas have?
functional and anatomical
what does the cerebellum do?
- receive input from cortical regions via brainstem (prefrontal, frontal, parietal, superior temporal)
- sends output via thalamus back to all those regions
- prediction and control
what do the error signals do in cortico-cerebella network?
plays a vital role in performance monitoring purpose of guiding/refining behavior
- processing discrepancies in intended and actual behavior
what does the olivocerebellar circuit do?
- modulate output sent from cerebellum to sensorimotor cortical areas
- involved in coordinating precise timing in sequence of actions
- generate absolute timing signals (neural clock) to perceive and produce temporal dynamics of music
what did research establish about the role of the cerebellum?
modulates higher level cog functions
- executive function
- working memory
- attention
- emotion
- musical perception (pitch and timbre)
frequency
number of cycles within given time period
- related to perception of pitch
amplitude
difference in pressure between high and low peaks of wave
- related to perception of loudness
timbre
all other perceptual aspects of sound besides loudness, pitch and duration
- related to harmonics, attack and decay
attack of tones
buildup of sound at beginning of a tone
decay of tones
decrease in sound at end of tone
why do instruments all sounds different from one another?
harmonics
periodic tones
tones which waveform repeats
- pure and complex
periodic complex tones
number of pure tones called harmonics
fundamental frequency
repetition rate
- first harmonic
higher harmonics
additional harmonics
- multiples of fundamental freq
frequency spectra
plots harmonics of a complex sound
overtones/harmonic frequencies
one frequency gives rise to a series of additional frequencies
what does differences in timbre produce?
higher level harmonics and attack/decay
what do the position of the lines on horizontal axis of frequency spectra indicate?
frequencies of harmonics
- height = intensities
