Lecture 20

Question 1

define musical imagery

Answer 1

perceptual and cognitive processes that represent musical information without direct auditory stimulation

Question 2

what does tempos and delays between notes correspond to in the brain

Answer 2

temporal structure for the actual stimuli being represented

Question 3

what does imagining a pitch or timbre before presentation do

Answer 3

it speeds up relevant responses when the properties of the imagined and actual stimuli are aligned

Question 4

true or false -> similarities between perceived and imagined tones are a function of physiological responses

Answer 4

false - of behavioral responses

Question 5

which ear is where most people report localizing musical imager to

Answer 5

right ear

Question 6

describe the right ear advantage and why is this

Answer 6

stimuli presented to the right ear is heard more accurately
-> this might be because language is lateralized in the left hemisphere

Question 7

what are the three neurological similarities in musical imagery

Answer 7

1. note is expected but not presented -> emitted potentials -> resemble sensory evoked potentials
2. people with lots of musical training -> reading music notes lead to ERPs identical to those that occur when actually listening to that actual musical score
3. mismatch negativity occurs for both perceived and imagined stimuli

Question 8

what are the neurological differences in alpha levels

Answer 8

imagine a melody results in more high band synchronized alpha
-> imagine complex tones -> alpha levels increased

Question 9

which ERP is involved in the neurological differences in musical imagery and what happens

Answer 9

N1
-> better musical imagery -> reduced amplitude of N1 after first imagining than hearing

Question 10

what did neisser say about the predictive model of involuntary musical imagery

Answer 10

direct perception simply takes over when perception provides no direct stimulation

Question 11

describe what happens when there is anticipated silence between tracks of an album

Answer 11

mental imagery of the upcoming song corresponds to similar patterns of activity in the PFC and motor areas

Question 12

what happens when participants are presented with a familiar piece with silent gaps

Answer 12

they often fill in the missing part on their own -> similar activity in auditory cortex during direct perception

Question 13

_______________ involve musical imagery that lacks control

Answer 13

musical hallucinations

Question 14

what is the difference between us and earworms when it comes to musical hallucinations

Answer 14

we typically perceive musical hallucinations as originating from direct perception

Question 15

what are some factors that can cause musical hallucinations

Answer 15

brain injury, epilepsy, drugs and schizophrenia

Question 16

which parts of the brain has activity with hallucinations been reported

Answer 16

superior temporal gyrus, right temporal lobe and superior temporal sulcus

Question 17

what is the most common psychiatric condition associated with musical hallucinations

Answer 17

schizophrenia

Question 18

what are the characteristics of schizophrenia, in relation to musical hallucinations

Answer 18

-> more obsessive
-> what is originally perceived is actually coming from somewhere from the individual’s environment -> becomes accepted as part of self

Question 19

________ is defined when stimuli in one sensory modality trigger sensations in another modality

Answer 19

synaesthesia

Question 20

define color-grapheme synaesthesia

Answer 20

people with this automatically perceive numbers as being colored in specific ways

Question 21

give an example of what happens in people with color grapheme synaesthesia

Answer 21

2 always look purple even though it is printed in black

Question 21

what one of the case studies involving the relationships between synaesthesia and musical imagery

Answer 21

composer Jean Sibelius said he heard different musical chords when he sees different colors

Question 22

what do explanatory theories reference about synaesthesia

Answer 22

there are abnormal patterns of activation, disinhibition or cross wiring between sensory areas

Question 23

________ involves the perception of colors triggered by sounds

Answer 23

tone color synaesthesia

Question 24

_____ are stimuli that trigger musical perceptions

Answer 24

inducers

Question 25

what are the 4 categories of inducers

Answer 25

compositional style, timbre, tonality and pitch

Question 26

what are concurrents

Answer 26

colors, shapes, spatial layouts and textures

Question 27

describe the case study about tone color synaesthesia (results and set up)

Answer 27

-> participants looked at blocks of color while listening to heavy metal
-> perceived unpleasant color combos when hearing music they did not like
-> perceived light colors when there are higher pitches and perceived dark colors when there are lower pitches

Question 28

in the case study: tone color synaesthesia - specific colors that were perceived were influenced by ….

Answer 28

instrumentation and timbre