Lecture 27

Question 1

what occurs with acquired amusia?

Answer 1

there is high degree of heterogeneity

Question 2

where the damage located in the brain in acquired amusia?

Answer 2

great severity in right hemisphere

Question 3

Sihvonen tested stroke patients damage to the brain…what parts of the brain were damaged?

Answer 3

• right STG
• MTG
• insula
• putamen

Question 4

what occurred to the gray and white matter in the Sihvonen that studied stroke patients?

Answer 4

• gray matter decreased in right STG and right MTG
• white matter decreases in right MTG

Question 5

gray matter decreasing in the right temporal area causes what kind of damage?

Answer 5

• posterior damage = pitch-based deficits
• anterior = beat finding disorder

Question 6

was gray matter volume changes in one area of the brain?

Answer 6

no -> widespread areas of the right cortex

Question 7

where are white matter abnormalities found?

Answer 7

various regions -> corpus callosum too

Question 8

acquired amusia shows damage in what areas?

Answer 8

• damage extended beyond auditory regions and higher-level cognition

Question 9

along with amusia what other impairment appears?

Answer 9

language
- worse performance on verbal expression/comprehension tests

Question 10

acquired amusia is associated with deficits related to _________ ________

Answer 10

visuospatial processing

Question 11

t or f: deficits are found in other domains other than visuospatial processing

Answer 11

true
- working memory
- verbal learning
- attention
- executive functioning

Question 12

what do amusics not seek out?

Answer 12

do not seek out music for recreational purposes

Question 13

what is musical anhedonia?

Answer 13

lack of pleasure derived from listening to music

Question 14

is there an association or dissociation between the ability to perceive music and the ability to experience pleasure in response to music?

Answer 14

dissociation

Question 15

what can musical anhedonia co-occur with?

Answer 15

depression

Question 16

what kind of problem occur did case study IR acquire?

Answer 16

• cerebral aneurysm

Question 17

IR lost the ability to perceive slight variations in pitch but continued to listen and dance, what did this indicate?

Answer 17

apparent dissociation between pitch perception and potential reward related to musical experiences
- social setting/shared activities = rewarding

Question 18

Hirel et al. study about the stroke patient having acquired amusia showed what results?

Answer 18

• able to perceive emotional content in diff domains
• worse than controls at identifying the intensity of emotion within musical pieces
• loss of emotional engagement and interest with music
  -> proves the disconnection b/w perception and experience of emotion

Question 19

what area of the brain show reduced levels of activity in musical anhedonia?

Answer 19

nucleus accumbens

Question 20

what does the nucleus accumbens do and what task is associated with it?

Answer 20

• reward
• gambling task -> more investment if you know you are going to walk away with earnings

Question 21

where does functional connectivity decrease in people with musical anhedonia?

Answer 21

right auditory cortex and ventral stream

Question 22

what happens to connectivity between the right auditory cortex and ventral stream in people with above avg responses to music?

Answer 22

connectivity is enhanced

Question 23

the connection between the auditory areas and subcortical structures is associated with what kind of activity?

Answer 23

reward-network-relevant activity in response to musical activity

Question 24

what is amusia an example of?

Answer 24

perception without awareness

Question 25

the abnormalities found in the brain for amusia are found in what areas?

Answer 25

recurrent/re-entrant/feedback processing between sensory modules and higher order frontal areas

Question 26

abnormalities in recurrent/re-entrant/feedback processing can explain what other disorders?

Answer 26

developmental dyslexia
congenital prosopagnosia

Question 27

what does developmental dyslexia affect?

Answer 27

accuracy and fluidity of reading

Question 28

phonetic representations are processed in what area of the brain?

Answer 28

left STG
- connectivity between STG and IFG -> prevents conscious access to representations

Question 29

what is congenital prosopagnosia?

Answer 29

deficit related to facial recognition
- right FFA relatively normal responses but there is a reduction in white matter connecting FFA to frontal/temporal regions

Question 30

what was the commonality did Royal, Paquette and Tranchant find b/w dyslexia, prosopagnosia and amusia?

Answer 30

breakdown in communication pathways b/w core sensory area and higher-order regions that are required for the conscious detection of subtle perceptual differences

Question 31

what did Vuvan et al. find about deficits in amusia patients?

Answer 31

amusia patients have deficits more in domain-general acoustic deficit applying to both musical and non-musical representations
- double dissociation
- amusia may be more heterogenous

Question 32

Costanzo et al. used what to improve reading behavior in dyslexia patients?

Answer 32

tDCS

Question 33

what did Schaal et al use to improve pitch memory in amusics?

Answer 33

tACS