Lecture 21

Question 1

what are the constraints to human musicality?

Answer 1

• only hear frequencies within certain ranges
• only produce frequencies within certain ranges

Question 2

the Smith study about behaviors operating on wide range of parameters demonstrated what results?

Answer 2

play 6266 notes in 4 mins- very fast
- rapid progression of notes

Question 3

ASLAP

Answer 3

as slow as possible
- performance of Cage’s piece took 20-70 min

Question 4

what was Wilson’s argument about the process of coevolution?

Answer 4

• brain and hand underwent process of coevolution
• development changes allowed us to use hands in new ways which influenced the way brain evolved

Question 5

how was stone used to indicate how to shape tools?

Answer 5

• various sounds made when making stone tools which created selection pressures to evolve brains to be more sensitive to the auditory stimuli when carving the stone and get the shape of the blade properly without breaking

Question 6

what is an example of an interaction between culture and neurology?

Answer 6

modulation of tonotopic organization of the hearing system

Question 7

what did the Pantev show about neural responses to tones in trained musicians?

Answer 7

neural responses to piano tones are larger than to that of pure tones for trained musicians

Question 8

what did the Pantev, Roberts, Schultz, Engelien, and Ross demonstrate about violinists and trumpeters response to tones?

Answer 8

• violinists and trumpeters demonstrate a larger neural response to tones from practiced instruments
• musical tones from instruments are “cultural artifacts”, different neural responses to these tools implies a shaping role of culture on brain

Question 9

what are invariants?

Answer 9

characteristics of human culture that are universal in general sense but particularized by each culture

Question 10

what is the goal of ethnomusicologists?

Answer 10

separate universal from cultural-specific features of music

Question 11

what is the definition of universal?

Answer 11

more common than not or typical rather than being a feature that always appears in every single culture

Question 12

what are some early evidences for universality of music?

Answer 12

• cave paintings with musical bow, musicians and dancers
• artifacts associated with rituals involving singing

Question 13

why were cultural artifacts found in caves?

Answer 13

• protection
• caves important from rituals for accoustic purposes

Question 14

idiophones

Answer 14

instruments that are struck
- gong
- ancient

Question 15

membranophones

Answer 15

drums
- ancient

Question 16

aerophones

Answer 16

wind-based instruments
- flutes
- ancient

Question 17

electrophones

Answer 17

mechanical and electrical instruments
- modern

Question 18

chordophones

Answer 18

instruments with strings
- modern

Question 19

how could simultaneous development of many of these categories of instruments, amongst disparate groups of people that never interacted, be explained?

Answer 19

• independent
• development that emerged due to biological constraints

Question 20

what are the five candidates for universals associated with temporal processing in the Drake and Bertrand study?

Answer 20

• segmentation and grouping
• predisposition toward regularity
• active search for regularity
• temporal zone for optimal processing
• predisposition toward simple duration ratios

Question 21

segmentation and grouping

Answer 21

gestalt grouping laws

Question 22

predisposition towards regularity

Answer 22

preferences for more regular sounding structures
- symmetry&raquo_space; asymmetry

Question 23

active search for regularity

Answer 23

model building and testing
- chorus comes up in similar form

Question 24

temporal zone for optimal processing

Answer 24

differences in common timing parameters
- not too fast or slow

Question 25

predisposition toward simple duration ratios

Answer 25

types of notes

Question 26

what are the four types of universals cross-culturally in music in the Brown and Jordania study?

Answer 26

- conserved universals - predominant patterns - common patterns - range universals

Question 27

conserved universals

Answer 27

things that can be said to be embodied in all forms of musical representations, encompassing things like the use of discreet pitches

Question 28

predominant patterns

Answer 28

things that occur in all musical systems and styles- precise rhythms and use of drums

Question 29

common patterns

Answer 29

rather than being universals, things that are widespread like the use of music in religious ceremonies

Question 30

range universals

Answer 30

certain categories of music/musical behavior that are expressed across wide range of possibilities - just about all music can be categorized in terms of multipart texture

Question 31

monophony

Answer 31

texture consisting of a single line of musical tones - melodic quality

Question 32

homophony

Answer 32

musical texture of several parts in which one melody predominates, the other parts may be either simple chords or more elaborate accompaniment pattern

Question 33

polyphony

Answer 33

simultaneous combination of two or more tones or melodic lines

Question 34

heterophony

Answer 34

simultaneous performance of different versions of same melody by different instruments or voices

Question 35

what are some universal functions of music?

Answer 35

- entertainment - communication - symbolic representation - emotional expression - contribute to continuity and stability of culture and integration of society

Question 36

what are some universal roles of music?

Answer 36

- lullabies - dancing - trance - healing - ethnic or group identity - ceremonies and festivals

Question 37

what is WEIRD?

Answer 37

western educated industrialized rich democratic

Question 38

94% of published psych experiments are composed of participants from _____% of world's population

Answer 38

12

Question 39

what implications does globalization have for the prospects of learning about brains that haven't been indoctrinated by Western styles of music?

Answer 39

- western music is widespread - wide range of exposure so it is difficult to isolate western influences from the rest of the world