Lecture 3

Question 1

where does transduction specifically occur in the ear

Answer 1

inner ear -> basilar membrane

Question 2

what kind of organization does the basilar membrane have

Answer 2

tonotopic organization

Question 3

what does tonotopic organization mean

Answer 3

arrangement of neurons as a function of their response to tones of different frequencies

Question 4

what are the structures involved in the neural auditory pathway

Answer 4

cochlear nucleus, primary auditory cortex and the superior temporal cortex

Question 5

hair cells bend to low/high frequency farthest from the oval window

Answer 5

low

Question 6

hair cells bend to low/high frequency closest to the oval window

Answer 6

high

Question 7

true or false - the primary ascending auditory pathways are associated with unconscious reflexes

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what is the secondary auditory pathway

Answer 8

it branches off and projects to the reticular formation

Question 9

what is the reticular formation involved in

Answer 9

arousal

Question 10

other than the reticular and ascending pathway, what is the last pathway and what is it involved in

Answer 10

audio-spinal pathway -> reflexive motor responses

Question 11

true or false - the auditory does more of the preprocessing than the brain

Answer 11

false - the brain does most of the work before the signal even reaches the auditory cortex

Question 12

______ is the first point at which the signals from left and right ear meet

Answer 12

superior olivary complex

Question 13

why is the superior olivary complex important

Answer 13

makes judgements about the location for source of stimuli

Question 14

this structure is involved in pitch and timing

Answer 14

inferior colliculus

Question 15

what is the important node in the thalamus called

Answer 15

medical geniculate body

Question 16

true or false - there is bottom up modulation in the auditory pathway

Answer 16

false - it is top down

Question 17

where is the primary auditory cortex located

Answer 17

superior temporal lobe

Question 18

provide the significance for Heschl’s gyrus

Answer 18

it is theorized to be a location where pitch is represented

Question 19

what does amusia mean

Answer 19

tone deaf

Question 20

true or false - the primary auditory cortex demonstrates tonotopic organization

Answer 20

true

Question 21

describe the importance for the secondary audio cortex and the association cortex

Answer 21

understanding cognitive representation of the environment, processing melody and spatial grouping

Question 22

what happens when pitches are different

Answer 22

there are two separate stream of notes that are perceived

Question 23

explain the galloping effect

Answer 23

when the notes are very similar, the two streams can get crossed over

Question 24

true or false - the superior temporal lobe is involved in melody processing

Answer 24

false - it is the superior temporal gyrus

Question 25

what are melodic contours

Answer 25

progression of notes, sequence of melody

Question 26

list the 3 functions of the superior temporal lobe

Answer 26

1. categorical perception of major and minor chords 2. processing melodic intervals 3. processing melodic contours

Question 27

what are the two structures involved in multi-sensory/multimodal integration

Answer 27

parietal cortex and superior temporal sulcus

Question 28

what is an example of multimodal integration

Answer 28

copying a series of notes on the piano + seeing how the person's fingers move on the piano -> combining auditory and visual input

Question 29

the two flash illusion is an example of what

Answer 29

multi sensory integration

Question 30

left auditory cortical areas have better ______ sensitivity

Answer 30

temporal

Question 31

right auditory cortical areas have better _______

Answer 31

spectral resolution

Question 32

what does the dual pathway model of auditory processing hypothesize

Answer 32

two pathways which originate from the primary auditory cortex contribute to processing higher order properties

Question 33

name the two pathways involved in the dual pathway model

Answer 33

posterior dorsal stream and the anterior ventral auditory pathway

Question 34

dorsal is the what/where stream

Answer 34

where

Question 35

ventral is the what/where stream

Answer 35

what

Question 36

posterior dorsal stream/anterior ventral auditory pathway is involved in temporal components and motion

Answer 36

posterior dorsal stream

Question 37

true or false - musical training enhances memory performance in other non musical aspects

Answer 37

true

Question 38

what activates the medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 38

tasks that require self-reference judgements -> autobiography memory

Question 39

what is involuntary musical imagery associated with in the brain

Answer 39

cortical thickness in right frontal and temporal cortices, anterior cingulate and angular gyrus

Question 40

________(what type of imagery) can activate the secondary auditory cortices, ________ frontal regions, _______

Answer 40

voluntary musical imagery