Lecture 10

Question 1

what does executive function refer to

Answer 1

cognitive abilities, self control, attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility

Question 2

when knowledge and skills from ice hockey is transferred to street hockey, what is this an example of

Answer 2

near transfer

Question 3

when knowledge and skills from ice hockey is transferred to writing exams, what is this an example of

Answer 3

far transfer

Question 4

what is the Mozart effect based on early reports

Answer 4

there is improved performance in cognitive tasks if done while listening to music

Question 5

there have been some changes to the Mozart effect, what are these

Answer 5

listening to music could have positive effects on mood and arousal

Question 6

OPERA stands for what

Answer 6

overlap, precision, emotion, repetition and attention

Question 7

what does the OPERA hypothesis say

Answer 7

it says musical training can enhance our encoding

Question 8

is there any evidence for near transfer

Answer 8

yes -> better pitch perception correlated with better performance on phonemic awareness test

Question 9

true or false - there is valid evidence for far transfer effects on executive function

Answer 9

false - there are inconsistent results

Question 10

what type of studies have shown positive transfer effects of executive function

Answer 10

cross sectional studies -> comparing musicians and non musicians

Question 11

from the cross sectional studies on transfer effects of executive function, what were the results for adults and children

Answer 11

adults -> adult musicians show better cognitive flexibility, working memory and verbal fluency

children -> with musical training, they show better verbal fluency, rule representation and task switching

Question 12

what tasks are used to test cognitive flexibility

Answer 12

wisconsin card task

Question 13

if you damage your ______, you will have problems with cognitive flexibility

Answer 13

frontal lobe

Question 14

why are there limitations of cross sectional studies

Answer 14

because there are always uncontrolled variables such as personality, mood and SES

Question 15

there is another type of study that can be used rather than cross sectional studies when finding evidence for far transfer effects, what is it

Answer 15

longitudinal studies

Question 16

what did Gromko and Poorman find out

Answer 16

preschool children who had weekly music lessons for many months, showed improvement in their IQ

Question 17

what are the main findings from Schellenberg’s experiment with executive function

Answer 17

-> when children are the musical group conditions, they have larger IQ improvements
-> children in a passsive, drama condition had improvements in social behavior

Question 18

in terms of Moreno et al., the musical training group improved in what

Answer 18

music condition showed gains in verbal intelligence and ERP changes

Question 19

what were the findings of Habibi 2016 experiment trying to find evidence for far transfer effects

Answer 19

in comparison to the control and sport condition, the music condition groups showed better abilities to detect very small auditory changes

Question 20

when Habibi found enhancements in musical training condition, what were the explicit ERP changes

Answer 20

there was P1 amplitude and latency reduction -> associated with sensory and auditory processing