Problems in Behaviour and Behaviour change

Question 1

according to Rogers, what creates psychological problems in individuals

A) an ineffective constraint system

B) over-reliant on information in memory and under-rely on the reality of the situation.

C) lack of congruity within the self

D) conflict between directed behaviour

Answer 1

C) lack of congruity within the self

Question 2

according to Rogers, what is the source of anxiety

A) it occurs from the awareness of the inevitability of death

B) it occurs as a response that you are not paying enough attention to personal well-being

C) A person has a very sensitive threat system

D) incongruity between experience and self-concept or within the self-concept

Answer 2

D) incongruity between experience and self-concept or within the self-concept

Question 3

according to self actualisation, what is anxiety a signal of

A) that you have an ineffective constraint system making emotions more intense

B) disorganization from the organismic valuing process

C) that you’re not paying enough attention to personal well-being

D) you’re paying too much attention to things other than what you’re trying to do

Answer 3

B) disorganization from the organismic valuing process

Question 4

according to self actualisation views, Anxiety is especially likely to arise

A) as a warning signal to the ego that something bad is about to happen

B) due to the presence of cues of impending punishment

C) because you are not paying enough attention to your personal wellbeing

D) if the person focuses too much on conditions of worth and acts in ways that interfere with self-actualization

Answer 4

D) if the person focuses too much on conditions of worth and acts in ways that interfere with self-actualization

Question 5

what occurs when the sense of self is threatened according to the self actualisation view

A) The person becomes more flexible and adaptive.

B) The person seeks external validation to strengthen the sense of self.

C) The person becomes less distressed and more fluid.

D) The person becomes more distressed and more rigid.

Answer 5

D) the person more distressed and more rigid

Question 6

How does a person respond when faced with incongruity in one aspect of the self, according to the self actualisation view

a) They become more flexible in all aspects

b) They stress their certainty about other things

c) They become indifferent to their beliefs

d) They become less zealous

Answer 6

b) They stress their certainty about other things

Question 7

What does the person try to compensate for when faced with incongruity in one aspect of the self?

a) Increased flexibility

b) Threatened aspects of the self

c) Decreased distress

d) Indifference to personal values

Answer 7

b) Threatened aspects of the self

Question 8

according to the self actualisation view, people faced with incongruity become more extreme and zealous in

A) Adapting and adjusting their beliefs.

B) Questioning and reevaluating their values.

C) Their memories of certain events

D) Their beliefs and personal values.

Answer 8

D) Their beliefs and personal values.

Question 9

the simplest view of behavioural problems from the hierarchical model suggest that they stem from

A) Superficial and easily resolvable issues.

B) Deeply rooted conflict between goals.

C) The absence of internal conflicts.

D) Random and unpredictable factors.

Answer 9

B) deeply rooted conflict between goals.

Question 10

The hierarchical model of self regulation suggests that people face problems when they

A) want abstract goals but lack the know-how to reach them

B) have concrete goals that are too easily achievable

C) set unrealistic goals

D) lack the motivation to pursue their goals

Answer 10

A) want abstract goals but lack the know-how to reach them

Question 11

what model would suggest that problems in behaviour arise because people want to be “fulfilled,” “successful,” or “well liked” but don’t know the strategies to attain these goal

A) cognitive-behavioral model

B) hierarchical model

C) social cognitive model

D) psychodynamic model

Answer 11

B) hierarchical model

Question 12

what model would suggest that problems in behaviour arise because a person is committed to two goals that can’t be attained easily at the same time

A) cognitive-behavioral model

B) hierarchical model

C) social cognitive model

D) psychodynamic model

Answer 12

B) hierarchical model

Question 13

what would the hierarchical view suggest about the difficulty in disengaging from some goals

A) its difficult to reassess your perspective

B) the goals are central to your self

C) the goals are irrelevant to your self

D) the goals are too easily achievable

Answer 13

B) the goals are central to your self

Question 14

from the self regulation perspective what happens when people lose a big source of self worth and focus too long on trying to regain it often

A) they become highly motivated to achieve new goals

B) they engage in adaptive coping strategies

C) turns it into a habit

D) they quickly recover and move on

Answer 14

C) turns it into a habit

Question 15

if the hierarchical model suggests that problems stems from the idea of a deeply rooted conflict between goals, then what would a solution be

A)

B)

C) decide that one goal contributes more to your higher-order values than the other and reduce investment in the other one

D) create strategies to know how to reach those goals

Answer 15

C) decide that one goal contributes more to your higher-order values than the other and reduce investment in the other one

Question 16

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and her colleagues argue that those who are prone to depression focus much of their attention on their sad feelings. according to the self regulation view, what would be the underlying assumption of this

A) they need to take responsibility for this self perpetuating cycle

B) inadequate mirroring by parents frustrates the depression needs

C) the person focuses too much on conditions of worth

D) rumination prolongs a depressed state

Answer 16

D) rumination prolongs a depressed state

Question 17

according to the self regulation perspective, much of human behaviour

A) is monitored closely

B) is cued automatically

C) is ones responsibility

D) is based on ones sense of connectedness to others

Answer 17

B) is cued automatically

Question 18

how does the cognitives perspective conceptualise depression

A) it is a variant of anxiety, reflecting an oversensitive avoidance system and an ineffective constraint system

B) people rely on automatic thoughts and negative preconceptions

C) occurs from interpersonal rejection

D) people prone to depression focus to much of their attention on their sad feelings and this rumination prolongs the depressive state

Answer 18

B) people rely on automatic thoughts and negative preconceptions

Question 19

how does the self regulation perspective conceptualise depression

A) it is a variant of anxiety, reflecting an oversensitive avoidance system and an ineffective constraint system

B) people rely on automatic thoughts and negative preconceptions

C) occurs from interpersonal rejection and early adversity

D) people prone to depression focus to much of their attention on their sad feelings and this rumination prolongs the depressive state

Answer 19

D) people prone to depression focus to much of their attention on their sad feelings and this rumination prolongs the depressive state

Question 20

how does the psychosocial perspective conceptualise depression

A) it is a variant of anxiety, reflecting an oversensitive avoidance system and an ineffective constraint system

B) people rely on automatic thoughts and negative preconceptions

C) occurs from interpersonal rejection and early adversity

D) people prone to depression focus to much of their attention on their sad feelings and this rumination prolongs the depressive state

Answer 20

C) occurs from interpersonal rejection and early adversity

Question 21

how does the biological perspective conceptualise depression

A) it is a variant of anxiety, reflecting an oversensitive avoidance system and an ineffective constraint system

B) people rely on automatic thoughts and negative preconceptions

C) occurs from interpersonal rejection and early adversity

D) people prone to depression focus to much of their attention on their sad feelings and this rumination prolongs the depressive state

Answer 21

A) it is a variant of anxiety, reflecting an oversensitive avoidance system and an ineffective constraint system

Question 22

according to the self regulation perspective, what is anxiety a signal of

A) that you have an ineffective constraint system making emotions more intense

B) disorganization from the organismic valuing process

C) that you’re not paying enough attention to personal well-being

D) you’re paying too much attention to things other than what you’re trying to do making you less efficient

Answer 22

C) that you’re not paying enough attention to personal well-being

Question 23

according to the biological perspective, what is anxiety a signal of

A) that you have an ineffective constraint system making emotions more intense

B) disorganization from the organismic valuing process

C) that you’re not paying enough attention to personal well-being

D) you’re paying too much attention to things other than what you’re trying to do making you less efficient

Answer 23

A) that you have an ineffective constraint system making emotions more intense

Question 24

according to the cognitive perspective, what is anxiety a signal of

A) that you have an ineffective constraint system making emotions more intense

B) disorganization from the organismic valuing process

C) that you’re not paying enough attention to personal well-being

D) you’re paying too much attention to things other than what you’re trying to do making you less efficient

Answer 24

D) you’re paying too much attention to things other than what you’re trying to do making you less efficient

Question 25

what is Rogers’ view on therapy

A) Therapy is only effective for severe mental disorders.

B) Therapy is primarily focused on behavioral change.

C) Therapy is solely based on medication.

D) It is used to reintegrate a partially disorganized self.

Answer 25

D) it is used to reintegrate a partially disorganised self

Question 26

what does the process of therapy involve according to Rogers

A) The therapist making decisions for the client.

B) Reversing the processes of defense to confront discrepancies between the elements of the person’s experience.

C) Ignoring discrepancies and reinforcing existing beliefs.

D) Imposing the therapist’s values onto the client.

Answer 26

B) reversing the processes of defence to confront discrepancies between the elements of the persons experience

Question 27

according to Rogers, when will a person feel able to confront discrepancies between the elements of the persons experience

A) Only in the presence of the therapist.

B) Lifting the conditions of worth and having unconditional positive regard.

C) When the therapist imposes conditions of worth.

D) After achieving complete self-actualization.

Answer 27

B) lifting the conditions of worth and having unconditional positive regard

Question 28

from Rogers’ view removing the conditions of worth will allow the person to focus more fully on the __________ , the inner voice that knows what’s good and bad for you

A) External expectations

B) Organismic valuing process

C) Conditional positive regard

D) Social norms and standards

Answer 28

B) organismic valuing process

Question 29

when a person is able to focus fully on the organismic valuing processes, this means that they are able to

A) Reintegrate the self.

B) Suppress their true feelings and desires.

C) Rely solely on external validation.

D) Become more dependent on external judgments.

Answer 29

A) reintegrate the self

Question 30

what is the key to therapy from a self-actualising view

A) Identifying external sources of validation.

B) Organismic valuing process.

C) Conditional positive regard.

D) Unconditional positive regard.

Answer 30

D) unconditional positive regard

Question 31

what needs to occur for unconditional positive regard to be effective

A) It must be given without considering the person’s perspective.

B) It must be given from the person’s own frame of reference.

C) It should only be provided conditionally.

D) It requires external validation

Answer 31

B) it must be given from the person’s own frame of reference

Question 32

for unconditional positive regard to be given from the person’s own frame of reference, this means

A) Acceptance for who others think you are.

B) Acceptance for who the therapist thinks you are.

C) Acceptance for who society thinks you are.

D) Acceptance for who you think you are.

Answer 32

D) acceptance for who you think you are

Question 33

what is the role of using empathy within the self actualisation perspective to behavioural change

A) Empathy is not necessary for behavioral change.

B) Empathy leads to imposing the therapist’s values on the client.

C) Empathy is solely focused on understanding the therapist’s perspective.

D) Adequate sense of what the client is like and allows the therapist to show unconditional positive regard.

Answer 33

D) adequate sense of what the client is like and allows the therapist to show unconditional positive regard

Question 34

what is true regarding behavior change from a humanistic perspective

A) Behavior change is solely determined by external influences.

B) Only external rewards lead to successful behavior change.

C) Someone who is trying to change for self-determined reasons will do better than someone trying to change to satisfy conditions of worth.

D) Someone who is trying to change to satisfy conditions of worth will do better than someone trying to change for self-determined reasons.

Answer 34

C) someone who trying to change for self determined reasons will do better than someone trying to change to satisfy conditions of worth

Question 35

in what domain of change is there evidence that trying to change for self-determined reasons do better than people who are trying to make similar changes to satisfy conditions of worth

A) Academic achievement

B) Weight loss

C) Career development

D) Interpersonal relationships

Answer 35

B) weight loss

Question 36

what is involved in client centred therapy

A) The therapist takes full responsibility for the client’s improvement.

B) The client takes responsibility for his or her own improvement.

C) The therapist imposes conditions of worth on the client.

D) The therapist makes all decisions for the client.

Answer 36

B) The client takes responsibility for his or her own improvement.

Question 37

if people are put in a situation where conditions of worth are removed, they should naturally reintegrate themselves, why does this occur from Rogers view

A) Because external pressures force individuals to reintegrate themselves.

B) Because the tendency toward actualizing is intrinsic.

C) Because conditions of worth are necessary for self-actualization.

D) Because the therapist imposes conditions of worth.

Answer 37

B) Because the tendency toward actualizing is intrinsic.

Question 38

what does the therapist display in person centred therapy

A) Empathy and unconditional positive regard.

B) Authoritarian control.

C) Imposing conditions of worth.

D) Detached indifference.

Answer 38

A) empathy and unconditional positive regard

Question 39

what does the displays of empathy and unconditional positive regard allow the client to do in person centred therapy

A) Temporary escape from conditions of worth and exploring experiences that are incongruent with the self.

B) Engage in exploring their conditions of worth and what aspects of the self are congruent.

C) Suppress their true feelings and conform to societal expectations.

D) Ignore the therapist’s feedback and suggestions.

Answer 39

A) temporary escape from conditions of worth and exploring experiences that are incongruent with the self

Question 40

in what solution to problems see the therapist remaining nondirective and nonevaluative, showing no emotion and giving no advice

A) systematic desensitisation

B) cognitive behaviour therapy

C) rational emotive therapy

D) client centred

Answer 40

D) client centred

Question 41

an approach to behaviour change where the therapists try to provide the kind of relationship the patient needs so that he or she can reintegrate problematic parts of the self

A) self actualisation

B) motive perspective

C) psychoanalytic / freud

D) psychosocial / object relations

Answer 41

D) psychosocial / object relations

Question 41

what approach sees healing being fostered by providing the person with a successful experience of narcissism or attachment, replacing the earlier emotional failure.

A) self actualisation

B) motive perspective

C) psychoanalytic / freud

D) psychosocial / object relations

Answer 41

D) psychosocial / object relations

Question 42

Rather than be evaluative, the therapist tries to help clients gain clear perspective on their own feelings and experiences

A) cognitive restructuring

B) person centred therapy

C) free association

D) contingency management

Answer 42

B) person centred therapy

Question 43

what are the two variations of reflection procedures used in client centred therapy

A) clarification of feelings and restatement of content

B) realisation and thinking

C) monitoring and means ends analysis

D) free association and symbolism

Answer 43

A) clarification of feelings and restatement of content

Question 44

what is the purpose of the reflection of clarification of feelings used by the therapist in client centred therapy

A) Distracts the client from their true feelings.

B) Allows the therapist to impose their interpretation of the client’s feelings.

C) Prevents the exploration of feelings and experiences.

D) Allows the nature and the intensity of the feelings to become more obvious.

Answer 44

D) Allows the nature and the intensity of the feelings to become more obvious.

Question 45

what reflection technique in person-centered therapy is intellectual and less emotional

A) clarification of feelings

B) free association

C) monitoring

D) restatement of content

Answer 45

D) restatement of content

Question 46

A procedure in which a therapist rephrases the ideas expressed by a client.

A) clarification of feelings

B) free association

C) monitoring

D) restatement of content

Answer 46

D) restatement of content

Question 47

The procedure in which a therapist restates a client’s expressed feelings.

A) clarification of feelings

B) free association

C) monitoring

D) restatement of content

Answer 47

A) clarification of feelings

Question 48

from the learning perspective, a phobic reaction stems from

A) Genetic predispositions.

B) Emotional reactions that interfere with effective functioning.

C) Unconscious desires.

D) Environmental stressors.

Answer 48

B) emotional reactions that interfere with effective functioning

Question 49

if phobic reactions are viewed as classically conditioned, then the technique used to treat phobias would be

A) modelling

B) vicarious conditioning

C) contingency management

D) systematic desensitisation

Answer 49

D) systematic desensitisation

Question 50

in Banduras view, behaviour changes occur

A) solely due to external influences

B) without any influence from cognitive processes

C) because of a change in expectancy

D) randomly and unpredictably

Answer 50

C) because of a change in expectancy

Question 51

One point these theorists have made is that much of human behavior isn’t monitored consciously but is cued automatically and habitually.

A) behavioural

B) psychosocial

C) cognitive

D) self regulation

Answer 51

D) self regulation

Question 52

To help people avoid lifelong monitoring, therapy must provide people with a way to make the desired responses automatic in place of the problem responses.

A) behavioural

B) psychosocial

C) cognitive

D) self regulation

Answer 52

D) self regulation

Question 53

A point made by Kanfer and Busemeyer (1982) is that the process of therapy is itself a

A) predetermined sequence of interventions

B) dynamic feedback system

C) passive and unidirectional approach

D) standardized set of procedures

Answer 53

B) dynamic feedback system

Question 54

A point that’s been made by many people is that therapy isn’t just for the present. It should make the person a better problem solver, more equipped to deal with problems in the future

A) behavioural

B) psychosocial

C) cognitive

D) self regulation

Answer 54

D) self regulation

Question 55

what approach would one start by noting the difference between your present state and your desired state and then have you think of an action that would reduce the difference

A) problem-solving by analogy

B) trial-and-error method

C) insight-based problem-solving

D) means-ends analysis

Answer 55

D) means-ends analysis

Question 56

by using this approach, you can create a strategy by which you can make choices by breaking things down

A) problem-solving by analogy

B) trial-and-error method

C) insight-based problem-solving

D) means-ends analysis

Answer 56

D) means-ends analysis