2nd Quarter- ANATOMY 2 Exam 2

Question 1

Another system within the body which is lesser known than the blood vascular system is known as the

Answer 1

lymph vascular system

Question 2

dealing with a system of vessels

Answer 2

vascular systems

Question 3

two vascular systems within the body

Answer 3

blood and lymph

Question 4

The substance which ONLY flows through the lymph vessels. (spring like) - a substance in the body which ALWAYS forms or BEGINS from tissue fluid.

Answer 4

lymph

Question 5

The substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.

Answer 5

tissue fluid

Question 6

The flow of all lymph in the human body, always begins in the smallest vessels called

Answer 6

lymph capillaries

Question 7

functions of the Lymph Vascular System

Answer 7

a. Maintain proper tissue fluid balance.
b. Helps to remove other waste products.
c. One of the body’s basic defense systems (phagocytosis, antibodies).

Question 8

Specialized types of tissue strategically placed throughout the human body

Answer 8

lymphoid tissue

Question 9

three pairs of lymphoid tissue, including the adenoids, which protect the opening between the mouth cavity proper and oropharynx (throat).

Answer 9

tonsils

Question 10

• -The largest mass of Lymphoid Tissue in the human body.
• -Located in the Abdominal Pelvic Cavity.
• -Helps the liver to recycle red blood cells.

Answer 10

spleen

Question 11

A mass of lymphoid tissue. The LARGEST and MOST ACTIVE during INFANCY. Located at the BASE OF THE NECK. Produces antibodies for the rest of a person’s life called T-CELLS. This gland will shrink with age

Answer 11

thymus gland

Question 12

Filters for lymph. They are strategically placed in the human body. There are four (4) specific locations.
• All are named for their location.

Answer 12

lymph nodes

Question 13

located in the ARM PIT region.These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the UPPER EXTREMITIES and the PECTORAL REGION (chest). Used to detect or stage the level of malignancy in BREAST CANCER.

Answer 13

axillary lymph nodes

Question 14

located in the NECK region. These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the HEAD AND NECK. Used to detect HODGIKN’S DISEASE.

Answer 14

cervical lymph nodes

Question 15

located in the GROIN region. These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the LOWER extremities. (BUBONIC PLAGUE)

Answer 15

inguinal lymph nodes

Question 16

located in the INTESTINES. These lymph originating from the INTESTINAL TRACK OR BOTH LARGE AND SMALL INTESTINES. Used to detect stages of COLON CANCER

Answer 16

mesentric lymph nodes

Question 17

the waxy, milky substance which is formed by the union of digestive fats with lymph.

(fat mix with lymph)

Answer 17

chyle

Question 18

when chyle comes from the small intestine and lymph comes from the lower extremities, the two get together at a temporary enlarged pouch called a

Answer 18

cistera chyli

Question 19

the flow of chlye begins where?

Answer 19

in the lacteals

Question 20

what color is lymph?

Answer 20

clear, straw colored, or may have an amber color (yellow tent)

Question 21

small finger like projections in the small intestine by which increases the surface area over which food could be absorbed.

a single one contains three structures (vein, artery, and lacteal)

Answer 21

villi

Question 22

it is estimated that what percentage of the digestive fat that is absorbed in the small intestine will go into the lymph capillary

Answer 22

30%

Question 23

a special name given to lymph capillaries found only in the small intestine

Answer 23

lacteals

Question 24

two large main ducts or passageways for lymph that are the ONLY ducts of the lymph system that periodically dump into the bloodstream.

Answer 24

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

Question 25

the largest lymph duct in the human body. 3/4 of the lymph in the body drains through this duct. Lymph coming from the LEFT upper extremities, LEFT side of the head and neck, LEFT side of the chest, the ENTIRE abdominal cavity, and BOTH lower extremities will drain through this duct.

Answer 25

thoracic duct

Question 26

- second largest lymph duct that only originates on the RIGHT side of the head and neck. The RIGHTupper extremities, and RIGHT side of the thoracic cavity will eventually drain through this duct

Answer 26

right lymphatic duct

Question 27

Once lymph has gone into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct, it is now called __________

Answer 27

blood

Question 28

General Characteristics of BLOOD

Answer 28

ph of blood viscosity (thickness) temperature of blood

Question 29

ph of blood

Answer 29

7.3 - 7.4 slightly alkaline

Question 30

- a measure of the resistance to the flow of a liquid

Answer 30

viscosity (thickness)

Question 31

Blood moves _______ times thicker than _______

Answer 31

4 1/2 to 5 1/2 | water

Question 32

Temperature of blood

Answer 32

100.3 F | slightly warmer than normal body temperature of 98.6 F

Question 33

general composition of human blood

Answer 33

plasma 55% | corpuscles 45%

Question 34

(Liquid portion) of non- clotted blood, slightly amber or straw color.

Answer 34

plasma

Question 35

45% of whole human blood

Answer 35

formed elements | corpuscles

Question 36

name the four types of lymphoid tissue

Answer 36

tonsils spleen thymus gland lymph nodes

Question 37

a large pouch

Answer 37

cistera

Question 38

the flow of chyle end at the cisteria chyli and becomes lymph

Answer 38

chyli

Question 39

its flow goes in one direction its flow in humans will eventually go into the blood system its flow is very sluggish and is accomplished by muscle contraction

Answer 39

lymph

Question 40

once lymph enter the _________ __________, it will flow in ONLY __________ direction(s) by means of slightly larger ________ ___________. From the __________, the lymph will move to the ________ _________ which are strategically placed for filter of lymph. Once at the ________ _________, there are ____ large main ducts or passageways for lymph in the human body ______________ ______________

Answer 40

``` lymph capillaries one lymph vessels vessels lymph nodes lymph nodes two ``` right lymphatic duct thoracic duct

Question 41

components of plasma

Answer 41

92 % water | 8 % dissolved substances

Question 42

``` (Components of plasma) blood proteins (clotting process) ```

Answer 42

serum albumin serum globulin fibrinogen

Question 43

aids in forming the fibrous net which prevents you from bleeding to death

Answer 43

fibrinogen

Question 44

non protein components of plasma

Answer 44

salts, nutrients, gases, hormones, clotting factors, enzymes, and antibodies

Question 45

non protein salt components of plasma

Answer 45

salt potassium calcium magnesium

Question 46

non protein nutrient components of plasma

Answer 46

``` food glucose (blood sugar) lipids-fats ```

Question 47

primary constituent of urine

Answer 47

ammonia

Question 48

essential clotting factor of plasma

Answer 48

Factor 8

Question 49

speed up the rate of a chemical reaction and not used up in the process

Answer 49

enzymes (ASE)

Question 50

dissolved within the plasma portion of blood

Answer 50

antibodies

Question 51

name the three groups of formal elements of blood

Answer 51

erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes

Question 52

red blood cells

Answer 52

erythrocytes

Question 53

white blood cells

Answer 53

leukocytes

Question 54

platelets

Answer 54

thrombocytes

Question 55

most numerous of the corpuscles found in the formed element portion of the blood. 7 microns in diameter

Answer 55

erythrocytes

Question 56

bioncave disc shaped; DO NOT have a nucleus, 4.5 to 5 million per cubic millimeter of blood; crenation and hemolysis; originate in bone marrow, 120 day lifespan; destroyed in the liver and the spleen There only function is to carry hemoglobin.

Answer 56

erythrocytes

Question 57

a protein molecule to which oxygen initially attaches itself in the lungs

Answer 57

hemoglobin

Question 58

the shrinking of red blood cells when placed in hypertonic solution

Answer 58

crenation

Question 59

the bursting or rupturing of a red blood cell when placed in a hypotonic solution

Answer 59

hemolysis

Question 60

only function of the erythrocytes

Answer 60

to carry hemoglobin

Question 61

least numerous of the corpuscles, white blood cells, 5000-9000 per cubic millimeter of blood,

Answer 61

leukocytes

Question 62

name the two types of leukocytes and their subtypes

Answer 62

agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) | granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophil)

Question 63

type of white blood cells that do not contain granules in their protoplasm

Answer 63

agranulocytes

Question 64

type of agranulocyte that has a large, single nucleus without granules in them. Responsible for production of antibodies in all living things

Answer 64

lymphocytes

Question 65

type of agranulocyte also called scavenger cells. They are shipped by the body where a scar has formed to rid the body of pus so scab can form

Answer 65

monocytes

Question 66

type of white blood cells that do contain granules in their protoplasm

Answer 66

granulocytes

Question 67

type of granulocyte; most numerous of the white blood cells. Greatest quantity (65%) White blood cell count. Has granules within its protoplasm when the cells are stained it is not exposed to any color- no color- it is neutrally stained. Its function is to perform phagocytosis - ingest, surrounds, and destroys anything foreign.

Answer 67

neutrophils

Question 68

the type of granulocytes that stain red in the laboratory setting

Answer 68

eosinophils

Question 69

type of granulocytes; the least numerous of the white blood cells. Its granules will stain blue. This cell is what causes people to have allergic reactions

Answer 69

basophil

Question 70

Functions of white blood cells

Answer 70

defense of the body against infection by diapedesis and phagocytosis

Question 71

- have the ability to squeeze themselves through pores of the capillaries and perform phagocytosis - surround, ingest and destroy the infection.

Answer 71

Diapedesis

Question 72

- looks like fragments of cells. Purpose is initiate or begin clotting process.

Answer 72

Thrombocytes – (platelets)

Question 73

fragmented cells, 300,000 per cubic millimeter; normal coagulation time: 3-5 minutes; plasma vs. serum

Answer 73

thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 74

the liquid portion of non-clotted blood

Answer 74

plasma

Question 75

the liquid portion of blood left over after blood has clotted

Answer 75

serum

Question 76

function of thrombocytes

Answer 76

clotting of blood, to initiate the clotting process.

Question 77

Chemistry of clotting blood

Answer 77

a) Fragmentation of platelets released a chemical called thromboplastin. b) Thromboplastin neutralizes antiprothrombin, thus liberating prothrombin. c) Prothrombin unites with calcium to form thrambin. d) Thrambin and fibrinogen from fibrin. e) Fibrin and blood cells form the clot within three to five minutes.

Question 78

Substances in blood that by themselves will promote blood clotting.

Answer 78

a) Thromboplastin (thromborinase) (cephalin) b) Prothrombin c) Calcium CA d) Fibrinogen

Question 79

Substance naturally in the blood that by themselves will inhibit blood from clotting.

Answer 79

Antithrombin | Antiprothrombin (heparin)

Question 80

Origin of the thrombocytes

Answer 80

bone marrow

Question 81

function of blood

Answer 81

a. Transport – O2, CO2, food, waste, hormones b. Temperature regulation – 98.6 c. Control of pH – 7.3 to 7.4 d. Control of water balance – 92% of plasma is H2O, can’t lose more than ½ or death e. Defense against infection – by leukocytes (5)

Question 82

the active chemical substance present in the secretion of endocrine glands

Answer 82

hormones