2nd Quarter- MICROBIOLOGY Exam 2 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
the lowest temperature at which an organism can live
A
minimum temperature
2
Q
the highest temperature at which an organism can live.
A
maximum temperature
3
Q
the temperature at which organism grows best.
A
optimum temperature
4
Q
organisms that grow best at cold temperature. Usually below 20 degrees Celsius or less than 68 degrees Fahrenheit
A
Psychrophiles (cryophiles)
CHRO- CRY- COLD
5
Q
most pathogens - bacteria that prefer medium temperature. Usually between 20 - 40 degrees C. The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of 98.6 F or 37 C. When the body temperature goes up (fever) it does so to kill the organism.
A
Mesophiles
MESO MEDIUM
6
Q
helps to kill most pathogens that like medium temperature.
A
fever
7
Q
The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of
A
98.6 F or 37 C.
8
Q
organisms that grow best at warm temperatures. Usually above 40 degrees C
A
thermophiles
THINK THERMAL UNDERWEAR TO WARM UP OR A THERMOS OF HOT COFFEE
9
Q
ultraviolet means
A
above violet
10
Q
ultra violet light is bactericidal which means what?
A
will kill bacteria but will not kill all organisms because over a period of time organisms exposed to excessive amounts of ultra violet light will genetically mutate and develop resistance.
11
Q
Ultraviolet light which ___________ be seen will ______ bacteria
A
cannot
kill
12
Q
Deals primarily with solutions.
deals with something you cannot see without a microscope.
A
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis- diffusion through membranes
13
Q
the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in greater quantity
A
solvent
14
Q
the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in lesser quantity
A
solute
15
Q
name the different osmotic pressure
A
Isotonic solutions
Hypertonic solutions
Hypotonic solutions
16
Q
is the type of Osmotic Pressure necessary to properly study bacterial cells and red blood cells to ensure no change in size, shape, and volume
the number of particles entering the cell roughly equals the number of particles leaving. The shape and integrity of the cell is maintained
A
Isotonic Solution
17
Q
excess solute. If a bacteria is placed in this type of solution it changes the shape of the cell. There will be more particles leaving than entering. The end result – the cell will atrophy
A
hypertonic solution
18
Q
to wrinkle or shrink
A
atrophy
19
Q
the shrinkage of a bacterial cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution
A
plasmolysis
20
Q
the shrinkage of a red blood cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution
A
crenation
21
Q
beneath or below - less solute than normal. If a bacteria cell is placed in this solution, more particles will enter the cell than leave
A
hypotonic solution
22
Q
The bursting of a bacterial cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution
A
plasmoptysis
(MOP) mop below the counter surface
23
Q
The bursting of a red blood cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution
A
hemolysis
24
Q
living organisms living together
A
symbiosis
25
relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to all involved
mutualism
26
relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to one w/ no effect to the other e.g. normal flora (living in on the human body)
commensalism
27
relationship between two or more organisms which is of benefit to one, harmful to the other.
parasitism
28
a relationship between two or more organisms which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone. Both parties have to do their part.
synergism
29
a relationship between two or more organisms in which the presence of one inhibits or prevents the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action.
antagonism
30
entry establishment & multiplication of pathogens within a host. Any disease caused by a microorganism
infection
31
the mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced.
contamination
32
the ability of an organism to cause infection in man.
Pathogenicity
33
True or False
| A great number of pathogenicites are not infectious
True
34
relative to produce disease, the likelihood that the pathogenic organism will cause infection in man.
virulence
35
a dilution or weakening in the virulence of an organism. This will reduce or destroy its pathogenicity.
attenuation
36
micro-organisms naturally living in and on a host. Present on both dead and living bodies - the reason for disinfecting during embalming.
Indigenous flora - (normal flora)
37
resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs. Bacterial having developed a resistance to a drug.
drug-fast
38
An infection in which the causative agent (organism) comes from outside the body. Could come from on the body or from the air
exogenous infection
39
An infection which is caused by microorganisms which are normally present within the body.
endogenous infection
40
An infection of sudden onset and short duration, less than one year.
Examples: Meningococcemia -
Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -
acute infection
41
A fatal form of blood poisoning
Meningococcemia
42
early form of Alzheimer
Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -
43
An infection of slow onset and long duration. Greater than a year.
Example: Alzheimer
chronic infection
44
An infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Host could be a person or animal
communicable infection
45
means highly communicable. The likelihood that the
| transmission to others will occur is greater
contagious
46
are antagonism to another organism.
antibiotics
47
An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community
Examples: cold and flu
endemic
48
an infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time
epidemic infection
49
Worldwide epidemic; an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same time
Example: Flu of 1919 20 million died
pandemic infection
50
An infection which occurs only occasionally (now and then) in a community.
sporadic infection
51
```
The initial (first) infection of a mixed infection.
The first of two infections
```
primary infection
52
An infection due to (caused by) two or more organisms.
| When a person or animal is suffering from two or more infections at the same time.
mixed infection
53
The second and generally more complicating infection in a mixed infection.
* is usually more lethal.
secondary infection
54
An infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area.
Examples: Abscessed tooth
local infection
55
An infection confined to a particular area, but from which the bacteria spread to other parts of the body. An infection spreads
focal infection
56
Infection throughout, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood
general infection
57
A condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream, but are not multiplying there. Presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
58
Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms, with their subsequent multiplication therein. Common name is “blood poisoning.”
Septicemia
59
the presence of an organism in the blood.
sepsis
60
The presence of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood.
toxemia
61
An infection, which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and cause death.
terminal infection
62
The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects
contamination
63
inanimate objects. Seen only with a microscope
fomite
64
The invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites, i.e., those able to be seen with the unaided eye. Maggots
infestation
65
unaided eye to see the infestation
macroscopic
66
The ability (or likelihood) of a microorganism to produce disease.
virulence
67
implies a weakening or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism.
attenuation
68
An infection primarily of animals that may be secondarily transmitted to man
zoonatic
69
- inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
70
caused by mosquitoes
Encephalitis and Malaria
71
mosquitoes biting migratory birds
encephalitis
72
mosquitoes biting monkeys
malaria
73
A hospital-acquired infection; one obtained while in the hospital.
Staph. (Staff)
Nosocomial
74
Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria. Puss in the blood. Staph. Strept
pyemia
75
An infection which causes a fever (elevated temperature).
pyremia
76
A sudden, severe, and overwhelming infection, such as spinal meningitis.
fulminating
77
Infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood
generalized infection
78
A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body’s defense, but may spread when the body resistance is reduced.
Cold sores, Syphilis. They go away but are not dead. In the case of syphilis the disease has gone to the second stage.
latent infection
79
An infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable. TB
inapparent infection
80
An infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized.
Rubella (German measles), Mumps
typical infection
81
An infection in which all the symptoms are not easily recognizable, meaning that it could be confused with another infection. Not typical - TB. Complaint of one problem Intestinal pain and find out it is TB of the intestines
atypical infection
82
Any microorganism that causes disease in man
pathogen
83
Any microorganism that does not cause disease in man.
non-pathogen
84
types of pathogens
normal flora
opportunists
strict (obligate) pathogens
85
Microorganisms that live and grow in and on the human body. Most are non-pathogens. Indigenous
normal flora
86
Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person’s normal flora are usually these, since they alone cannot penetrate unbroken skin.
opportunists
87
Microorganisms that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them.
They are never a part of one’s normal flora.
A must behavior
Example: Strept throat
strict (obligate) pathogens
88
factors influencing virulence
toxin production
enzymes
capsules
endospores
89
Poison substance
toxin production
90
Poison substance produced all the time and continuously released to the outside of certain bacteria;
e.g. Tetanus, Cholera
exotoxins
91
Poison substance only released when the cell producing the bacteria is destroyed; e.g.: Spinal Meningitis.
The ability of the bacteria to release a poison when the white blood cells of
the body kills the bacteria
endotoxins
92
substances, which speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, without being used up or destroyed in the process
enzyme(organic catalyst)
93
an enzyme that helps spread bacteria. Increase the bacteria’s ability to spread to other parts of the body
Hyaluronidase (Spreading factor)
94
an enzyme that clots human plasma.
coagulase
95
the liquid portion of non-clotted human blood.
plasma
96
an enzymes that dissolves blood clots. Especially if the clot has caused MI (heart attack). Persons having a heart attack or stroke caused by a blood clot would receive this enzyme to prevent other blood clots.
Fibrinolysin (steptokinase)
97
jelly like material located on the outside of certain bacteria.
capsules (slime layer)
98
The presence of the slime layer will:
Enhances the bacteria’s virulence.
and
Protects the organism from phagocytosis
99
cell ingestion
phagocytosis
100
the best protection an organism can possess is the ability to produce spores.
endospores
101
A person or animal that possess an organism after recovery from the infection it causes. The greatest risk of spreading an infection is immediately after recovery
active carrier of infection
102
A person or animal that has a particular organism, even though they have never suffered from the infection it causes, and passes it along to another
Example: Typhoid Mary.
passive carrier infection
103
sources of infection
A person or animal currently ill of the infection.
or
Chronic animal or human carriers
104
an animal or person that possesses an organism and transmits to someone else during recovery from the infection it causes
convalescent carrier of infection
105
outside environments
environment
106
modes of transmission of infections
direct transmission
| indirect transmission
107
types of direct transmission of infections
```
physical contact (sexually transmitted disease)
droplet infection (aerosol- sneezing)
congenital- rubella (German measles) contacted during pregnancy from mother to child
```
108
types of indirect transmission of infections
a. Food poisoning (could taste fine at time of eating)
b. Milk (bovine strain of TB)
c. Fomites - lifeless inanimate objects - doorknobs, money, trocars, toilet seats, etc.
d. Water (water signs – approved: Dept. of Health)
e. Soil - tetanus or lock jaw.
f. Vectors - an animal usually an insect that is serving as an indirect mode of transmission.
109
portals of entry and exit of pathogens
1. Skin and mucous membranes - staph. These organisms are living on your skin and are opportunistic and invades the body through a cut. The skin is the largest organ of the body (liver the largest organ in the body)
2. Respiratory tract - TB, pneumonia (infection of lung tissue itself)
3. Digestive tract - cholera, loss of 10quarts of water per day), dysentery
4. Genito - urinary tract (gut) - STD’s (sexually transmitted disease’s)
5. Placenta - rubella (German measles) transmitted from mother via the placenta into developing infant. Rubella always means German measles.
(we would prefer a mother to be sick with 10 day measles so as not to be sick with this)
110
vehicles of exit pathogens
```
feces
urine
semen
vaginal secretions
sputum
saliva
blood
pus and lesion exudates
tears
```
111
Waste product from the digestive tract - dysentery, cholera extremely watery stool
feces
112
a substance made of a combination of saliva and mucus brought up from the respiratory tract.
sputum
| phlegm
113
produced by three sets of salivary glands. Vehicle of exit of disease spread to humans
cytomegalovirus (CID) rabies
saliva (spit)
114
a vehicle for exit of disease spread to humans.
| Example: hepatitis A & B
blood
115
A vehicle of exit of disease to humans; consists of both dead and living pus and blood.
Examples: abscesses, decubitus ulcers – bed sores
Pus and lesion exudates
116
contain enzymes that kill bacteria
tears
117
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF AN INFECTION:
1. Portal of entry of the pathogens and elective localization – when an organism chooses to restrict itself to a particular area or region of the body this is called “elective localization.”
2. Number of organisms - the more in number of an organism, the more likely you will be infected.
3. Virulence of the organism - the likelihood an organism will cause infection in humans.(measuring how likely it is to cause infection.) Example: 1918 Flu – they died.
4. Resistance of the host - having a good immune system. Good resistance to the organism. (Deals with immune ty of the host). Opportunistic or secondary infection.
Health or illness = N (V)
R
N - number of organisms
V - virulence of the organism
R - resistance
N x V divided by - R
118
when an organism chooses to restrict itself to a particular area or region of the body this is called
localization
119
inhibits microorganisms from entering the body.
Mechanical Defenses (Anatomical)
120
anatomical barriers
skin mucous membranes - soft moist tissue side the nose, ear, mouth, and eyes.
Bony encasements - skull, ribcage.
121
- the bodies total response to an injury.
inflammation
122
an agent that causes the body temperature to rise
| the substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. may come from within or from outside the body.
pyrogens
123
(white blood cells) scavengers - large cell ingestors like packman.
phagocytosis
124
enzymes present in tears which kill bacteria
lysozyme
125
(HCL) hydrochloric acid produced within the stomach to kill bacteria.
gastric juice
126
chemical defenses (body secretions)
lysozymes
and
gastric juices
127
Specific protein produced within the body in response to a specific foreign protein or bacteria
antibodies
128
virus neutralizing - a substance produced by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination.
interferon
129
Another name for antibodies is
immunogoblin (Ig).
130
The study of immunity.
Immunology
131
excess water
edema
132
loss of water
dehydration
133
what is the ph of the human body?
7.4-7.5
134
above 7 on the ph scale is
alkaline
135
below 7 on the ph scale is
acidic
136
most bacteria reproduce by what
binary fission (simple transverse division)
137
a visible growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium (nutrient broth, blood agar)
bacterial colony
138
the material you attempt to grow bacteria
medium
139
to grow in a laboratory setting bacteria in a medium, (nutrient broth or agar)
culture
140
all bacteria- pathogens are so classified and must have a source of carbon. Bacteria that obtain their food from inorganic matter. They manufacture their own carbon
autotrophic bacteria
141
all organism that cause infection in a mans are classified as this and obtain their food from organic matter (food that contains carbon) Humans contain carbon glucose
heterotrophic bacteria
142
name the three types of heterotrophic bacteria
strict (obligate) saprophytes
strict (obligate) parasites
faculatative bacteria
143
a must behavior- a bacteria that must obtain its food from dead organic matter
strict (obligate) saprophytes
144
Heterotrophic that must obtain their food from living organic matter
strict (obligate) parasites
145
Heterotrophic bacteria that can obtain their food from dead or living organic matter
facultative bacteria
146
Heterotrophic bacteria that must have presence of oxygen to live
strict (obligate) aerobes
147
bacteria that must have absence of oxygen to live
strict (obligate) anaerobes
148
bacteria that must have the presence of oxygen to live but at a level less than that required of humans
microaerophiles
149
bacteria that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen
facultative bacteria
