2nd Quarter- MICROBIOLOGY Exam 3

Question 1

inhibits microorganisms from entering the body

Answer 1

Mechanical Defenses (Anatomical barriers)

Question 2

types of anatomical barriers

Answer 2

skin, mucous membranes - soft moist tissue inside the nose, ear, mouth, and eyes. Bony encasements - skull, ribcage

Question 3

types of defenses of the body against infection

Answer 3

mechanical, physiological, chemical

Question 4

functional defenses of the body against infection

Answer 4

physiological defenses

Question 5

types of physiological defenses of the body against infection

Answer 5

inflammation, fever, phagocytosis

Question 6

the body’s total response to an injury

Answer 6

inflammation

Question 7

the substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. They may come from within or from outside the body. They are literally an agent that causes the body temperature to rise

Answer 7

pyrogens

Question 8

(white blood cells) scavengers - cell ingestion like pac man.

Answer 8

phagocytosis

Question 9

specific chemical substances found within the body that protect us from infection

Answer 9

chemical defense

Question 10

useful substance (glands).

Answer 10

body secretions

Question 11

types of chemical defenses

Answer 11

body secretions, antibodies, interferon

Question 12

(type of body secretion)enzymes present in tears, which kill bacteria

Answer 12

Lysozyme

Question 13

(type of body secretion)- (HCL) hydrochloric acid produced within the stomach to kill bacteria

Answer 13

gastric juice

Question 14

Specific proteins produced by the body in response to a specific foreign protein (antigen) or bacteria

Answer 14

antibodies

Question 15

trigger production of antibodes

Answer 15

antigens

Question 16

medical name for antibodies chemical defense against infection.

Answer 16

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Question 17

virus neutralizing substance produced individually by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination

Answer 17

interferon

Question 18

glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with antigen. Once formed in the body, it will remain forever. It may decrease over the years. Another name is immunogoblin (Ig). They are classified as chemical defenses against specific infection in the body

Answer 18

antibodies

Question 19

The study of immunity

Answer 19

immunology

Question 20

a highly developed state of resistance of the body in response to a specific infection or disease.

Answer 20

immunity

Question 21

the absence or suppression of factors responsible for development of immunity.

Answer 21

Susceptibility

Question 22

Characteristics of Antigen

Answer 22

very specific; true. A true antibody is a substance produced by the body and has bivalent receptor sites (two ends) and only formed in response to antigens. A true antibody will have bivalent receptor sites; if incomplete, (only one end) an allergic reaction can occur

Question 23

kinds of immunity

Answer 23

Natural (innate) immunity

Acquired immunity

Question 24

type of immunity that is inborn (at conception, not birth)

Answer 24

natural (innate) immunity

Question 25

three types of natural (innate) immunity

Answer 25

racial species individual- interferon

Question 26

A type of natural immunity where a particular race is predisposed to a disease

Answer 26

racial immunity

Question 27

Red Blood Cells are not round but look like a sickle, absence or lack blood

Answer 27

sickle cell anemia

Question 28

distemper non-human disease

Answer 28

species

Question 29

obtained immunity through the natural life process (not born with)

Answer 29

acquired immunity

Question 30

type of immunity- natural life process. The body was actively involved in producing antibodies.

Answer 30

naturally acquired immunity

Question 31

The body was actively involved in producing antibodies. Having a disease and recovering from it since you didn't die from the disease

Answer 31

Naturally acquired Active immunity

Question 32

naturally . The body was not directly involved in producing antibodies

Answer 32

Naturally acquired Passive immunity

Question 33

types of Naturally acquired Passive immunity

Answer 33

colostrum breast milk placental transfer

Question 34

not obtained through the natural life process but by a shot or immunization.

Answer 34

artificially acquired immunity

Question 35

artificially acquired active; given when healthy to build up immunity against the infections Example DPT

Answer 35

vaccine

Question 36

artifically acquired active; poisonous substances that have been modified in the laboratory setting and used to convey immunity by shot or vaccine

Answer 36

toxoids

Question 37

Active immunity _______ than passive immunity, however, it is _________ established. The immunity established would never be formed in the body without _______________

Answer 37

lasts longer more slowly the vaccination

Question 38

a weakened active strain, live or dead (flu shot)

Answer 38

attenuated strain

Question 39

not sure how to make this a card. I don't really know how it goes with the artificially acquired active

Answer 39

Live or dead microorganisms, extracts (PPD) - purified protein derivative, the TB skin test

Question 40

Conveyed by artificial means instantaneously through a pre-formed antibody. Last the shortest time -7- 10 days

Answer 40

artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 41

examples of artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 41

immune serum, antiserum, gamma globulin.

Question 42

level of controls of microrganisms

Answer 42

sterilization disinfection antisepsis

Question 43

process of completely removing and destroying ALL LIFE FORMS and their products (endospores and exotoxins) in or on a substance

Answer 43

sterilization

Question 44

the process of destruction of ALL PATHOGENIC organism (infectious agents) from an object through physical or chemical means

Answer 44

disinfection

Question 45

literally means against the presence of microorganisms - the prevention of growth of microorganisms, without necessarily killing them. [By preventing or inhibiting the growth of causative organisms.]

Answer 45

antisepsis

Question 46

the agent to achieve antisepsis. It does not kill a germs but prevents its growth and multiplication

Answer 46

antiseptic

Question 47

physical methods of control of microorganisms

Answer 47

Scrubbing Heat - . (1) Incineration (2) Dry heat - (3) Moist heat ``` Cold temperatures Ultraviolet light (UV) ```

Question 48

The actual mechanical method of moving hands with a soft scrub brush and using a disinfectant soap.

Answer 48

scrubbing

Question 49

most common physical method of control of microorganisms

Answer 49

heat

Question 50

three types of heat methods of control of microorganisms

Answer 50

incineration dry heat moist heat

Question 51

Burning / Flaming as a lab technique.

Answer 51

incineration

Question 52

Convection oven

Answer 52

dry heat

Question 53

three types of moist heat

Answer 53

Boiling - liquid state to gaseous state. Free-flowing steam Steam under pressure: autoclave

Question 54

The best method; chemical or physical to achieve true sterilization

Answer 54

steam under pressure: autoclave

Question 55

Name the constant temperature, standard pressure, and standard exposure time for autoclave

Answer 55

Standard temperature: 121 degrees C – 250 degrees F Standard pressure: 15 lbs. Standard exposure time: 15 minutes *15lbs @ 121 degrees for 15 minutes If constant for temperature, pressure, and time, all forms of life known to man will be killed.

Question 56

_________ will ______ down the rate of decomposition. This is achieved because it __________ moisture.

Answer 56

Refrigeration slow removes

Question 57

means above violet, it is bactericidal, which means it will kill most bacteria. Bacteria, however, will build up an immunity to it

Answer 57

ultra violet light

Question 58

chemical methods to control microrganisms

Answer 58

Disinfectants

Question 59

Chemical agents used to disinfect. Substances which rid pathogens on objects.

Answer 59

disinfectants

Question 60

Chemical disinfectant that kills a wide variety of germs or pathogens (microorganisms).

Answer 60

germicide

Question 61

Chemical disinfectants which kill bacteria.

Answer 61

bactericide

Question 62

Chemical disinfectants which kill fungi, yeast, moles, and fungus, i.e., athlete’s foot and ringworm’s.

Answer 62

fungicide

Question 63

Chemical disinfectants which kill virus.

Answer 63

viricide

Question 64

Chemical disinfectants used to kill insects. Vectors

Answer 64

insecticides

Question 65

Chemical disinfectants used to kill larva of insects.

Answer 65

larvacide

Question 66

Factors influencing the action of disinfectants (8)

Answer 66

(1) Nature of the disinfectant - fit the disinfectant to the problem. (2) Concentration of the disinfectant, as you increase the concentration, you increase the disinfectant’s ability. (3) Nature of the material to be disinfected. (4) Number of microorganisms present. (5) Kind of microorganism present i.e., if a germ uses a germicide. (6) Time of exposure to disinfectant - if you increase exposure time, you will increase the disinfectant’s quality. (7) Temperature of disinfectant during exposure. If you increase the water temperature, the disinfectant will be diluted into, you will increase the effectiveness. (8) pH of disinfectant during exposure.

Question 67

Disinfectants suitable for mortuary procedures

Answer 67

``` Halogens Alcohols Aldehydes Phenolic compounds Quatenary ammonium compounds (quats) ```

Question 68

types of halogens or salt formers (2)

Answer 68

Hypochlorites Iodophors

Question 69

(bleaches) e.g.: NAOCL - household bleach. Standard solution is 1:10 dilution; standard external disinfectant per CDC (Center for Disease Control).

Answer 69

hydrochlorites

Question 70

iodine; betadine (rust or yellow color) contains iodine.

Answer 70

iodophors

Question 71

types of alcohols

Answer 71

Ethyl alcohol | Isopropyl alcohol

Question 72

use grain to produce and the only alcohol fit for human consumption

Answer 72

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

Question 73

rubbing alcohol - Disinfectant

Answer 73

isopropyl alcohol

Question 74

alcohol deprived of hydrogen

Answer 74

Aldehydes

Question 75

types of aldehydes

Answer 75

Formalin Glutaraldehyde

Question 76

(Formaldehyde solution) mixture of formaldehyde gas and water. Compare strength using an index.

Answer 76

formalin

Question 77

2% as Cidex. A better disinfectant than formalin (formaldehyde) but not as good as a preservative.

Answer 77

Glutaraldehyde

Question 78

the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in a 100 milliliter of solution. Also represent percentage of formaldehyde within that product or container.

Answer 78

index

Question 79

The highest index used in embalming is _____ The saturation point is (what percentage) by weight - (what percentage) by volume.

Answer 79

36 index. 37% 40%

Question 80

is 8 to 10 grams - the lowest index used in embalming.

Answer 80

jaundice

Question 81

disinfectants based on the chemical phenol

Answer 81

Phenolic compounds

Question 82

types of phenolic compounds

Answer 82

Phenol Cresol Hexachlorophene

Question 83

(carbolic acid) - it is acidic in terms of pH. (1) Used as a cauterizer - to sear off or prevent leakage from tissue. (2) Used as a bleaching agent

Answer 83

phenol

Question 84

a member of the phenolic compound. It's household name is Lysol

Answer 84

Cresol

Question 85

a phenolic compound which is a topical disinfectant

Answer 85

hexachlorophene

Question 86

also called quats

Answer 86

Quatenary ammonium compounds

Question 87

examples of chemicals used as a quartenary ammonium compounds

Answer 87

Benzalkonium Chloride | Zephrian Chloride

Question 88

german measles

Answer 88

naturally acquired active

Question 89

anti serum

Answer 89

artificially acquired passive

Question 90

tetanus toxoid

Answer 90

artificially acquired active

Question 91

transfer of placental antibodies

Answer 91

naturally acquired passive

Question 92

colostrum

Answer 92

naturally acquired passive

Question 93

immunization

Answer 93

artificially acquired active

Question 94

gamma globin

Answer 94

artificially acquired passive

Question 95

lobar pneumonia

Answer 95

naturally acquired active

Question 96

vaccination

Answer 96

artificially acquired active

Question 97

immune system

Answer 97

artificially acquired passive