Antibacterial Drugs: Drug Classes

Question 1

what kind of killers are beta lactams? what does this mean? what does this imply for beta lactam administration?

Answer 1

• time-dependent
• work best when concentration exceeds 4x MIC for >50% of the time
• since beta lactams have short half-lives you need shorter dosing intervals

Question 2

what kind of killers are quinolones? what does this mean?

Answer 2

area under the curve; killing is dependent on concentration x time

Question 3

what kind of killers are aminoglycosides? what does this mean?

Answer 3

• concentration-dependent
• the most important property for killing is the peak concentration that is achieved (the higher the peak concenrtation the greater the kill)
• these drugs will have persistent effect even when levels fall below MIC

Question 4

time-depedent killers

Answer 4

beta-lactams

Question 5

concentration-dependent killers

Answer 5

aminoglycosides

Question 6

area under the curve killers

Answer 6

quinolones

Question 7

mechanism of quinolones, drug names

Answer 7

• inhibits DNA gyrase thereby inhibiting supercoiling

- norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin

Question 8

mechanism of aminoglycosides, drug names

Answer 8

• transported into bacterial by energy-requiring aerobic process–>binds to 30S/50S interface–>inhibits protein synthesis
• gentamicin, tobramicin, amikacin

Question 9

mechanism of tetracyclines, drug names

Answer 9

• bind to 30S subunit

- doxycycline, minocycline

Question 10

mechanism of macrolides, drug names

Answer 10

• bind to 50S subunit, blocks translocation along ribosomes

- erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

Question 11

what are norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin?

Answer 11

quinolones

Question 12

what are clarithromycin, azithromycin?

Answer 12

macrolides

Question 13

what are gentamicin, tobramicin, amikacin

Answer 13

aminoglycosides

Question 14

what are doxycycline, minocycline?

Answer 14

tetracyclines

Question 15

drug efflux pump is the most common resistance mechanism for what class of drugs?

Answer 15

tetracyclines

Question 16

3 major drug classes that are protein synthesis agents

Answer 16

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and macrolides

Question 17

what are the side effects of quinolones?

Answer 17

EKG irregularities, tendon rupture, seizures

Question 18

what are the side effects of tetracyclines?

Answer 18

teeth discoloration

Question 19

what are the side effects of nitrofurans?

Answer 19

hepatotoxicity, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia