Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the genetic makeup of Herpesviruses? Enveloped?

A

dsDNA

Enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the common MOA of antivirals to treat herpes?

A

Partes the DNA pol in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the six steps of the viral life cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. entry
  3. mRNA production
  4. Protein and genome synthesis
  5. Virion assembly
  6. Egress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the only phase of the viral life cycle in which antivirals are active?

A

Lytic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the goal of treatment with antivirals?

A

Speed healing and increase time between outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four herpes viruses that have antiviral therapy available for them?

A

HSV-1
HSV-2
CMV
VZV (HSV-3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What disease does HSV-1 cause? HSV-2? 3? CMV?

A 
1 = oral herpes
2 = genital herpes
3 = varicella
CMV = pneumonitis, gastroenteritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the MOA of acyclovir?

A

Nucleoside analog that inhibitor of herpesvirus DNA polymerase.
(It is both a competitive inhibitor and substrate for the polymerase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does Acyclovir act via competitive or non-competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens once Acyclovir is incorporated into the viral DNA chain?

A

Chain terminates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the way in which Acyclovir develops resistance?

A

Mutation of thymidine kinase gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

For what two diseases is Acyclovir given PO?

A

Genital herpes

Varicella zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four diseases in which Acyclovir is given via IV administration?

A
  1. Severe or disseminated mucocutaneous disease
  2. Neonatal infections
  3. HSV encephalitis
  4. VZV in immunocompromised pts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the side effects of Acyclovir?

A

HA
N/v/d
Reversible crystalline nephrotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of drugs should Acyclovir not be given with?

A

Any that damage the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is valacyclovir?

A

Prodrug of acyclovir (attached to a Valine moiety)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: acyclovir has a high oral bioavailability

A

False–low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the MOA of valacyclovir?

A

Inhibitor of herpesvirus DNA

polymerase (same as acyclovir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the diseases that Valacyclovir is given?

A

Primary and recurrent genital herpes
Zoster
Orolabial herpes
Varicella in older children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the MOA of Foscarnet?

A

DNA pol inhibitor–Foscarnet binds the site normally occupied by pyrophosphate, thereby blocking pyrophosphate
release and ultimately the catalytic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the major difference between acyclovir and Foscarnet?

A

Foscarnet does not require prior phosphorylation by thymidine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of molecule is Acyclovir and Valacyclovir?

A

Nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of molecule is foscarnet?

A

Phosphonoformic acid (analog of pyrophosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the route of administration of Foscarnet?

A

IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is resistance to Foscarnet brought about?
Mutation in DNA pol
26
What is Foscarnet used to treat?
HSV and VZV infections that are resistant to acyclovir CMZ retinitis
27
What are the adverse effects of Foscarnet?
Renal impairment | Changes in Ca, PO3, K, or Mg levels
28
What drugs should be avoided with Foscarnet?
Nephrotoxic
29
What is the drug used to treat CMV? Why this instead of Acyclovir?
Ganciclovir | Is activated more readily by UL97 (CMV gene)
30
What type of molecule is Ganciclovir?
Acyclic guanosine analog
31
What is the MOA of Ganciclovir?
The triphosphate form of ganciclovir is a competitive inhibitor for the viral DNA polymerase and chain terminator when incorporated into the newly synthesized viral DNA genomes
32
How is Ganciclovir administered?
PO or IV
33
What is the bioavailability of Ganciclovir?
Poor
34
How is resistance to Ganciclovir brought about?
Mutations in the UL97 gene
35
What is Ganciclovir used to treat if given IV?
CMV retinitis | CMV colitis, pneumonitis, and esophagitis
36
What is Ganciclovir used to treat if given IV follow by PO?
Reduced the risk of CMV transplant risk
37
What is Ganciclovir used to treat if given intraocularly?
CMV retinitis
38
What are the adverse effects of Ganciclovir?
Myelosuppression | CNS toxicity
39
What is the MOA of Valganciclovir?
``` competitive inhibitor for the viral DNA polymerase (same as Ganciclovir) ```
40
What is the prodrug form of Ganciclovir? How is this made into a prodrug?
Valganciclovir L-valyl ester of ganciclovir
41
What is the major advantage of Valganciclovir over Ganciclovir?
Can be given orally
42
What is valganciclovir used for?
CMV retinitis in AIDS Prevent CMV disease in pts with transplants
43
What type of chemical is Trifluridine?
Fluorinated nucleoside
44
What is the MOA of Trifluridine?
Competitive inhibitor of thymidine for incorporation into newly synthesized genomes
45
What are the therapeutic indications for Trifluridine?
Ocular administration to treat keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis d/t HSV-1 and HSV-2
46
Why is Foscarnet used in cases of resistance to Acyclovir?
Acts farther down the chain, and does not need to be phosphorylation by viral enzymes, which can mutate
47
What is the MOA of Penciclovir?
Inhibits DNA pol for HSV
48
What is the family and genetic makeup of the influenza virus? Enveloped?
Orthomyxovirus -ssRNA Enveloped
49
What disease does influenza C usually cause?
Mild respiratory illness
50
What disease does influenza B usually cause?
Mild respiratory illness, but occasionally more severe
51
How soon after initial symptoms must antivirals for the flu be given?
48 hours
52
What is the most common complication of influenza?
Pneumonia
53
What type of molecule is Oseltamivir? How is it metabolized to its active form?
Sialic acid analog that is metabolized to active compound by hepatic esterases
54
What is the MOA of Oseltamivir? What does this cause?
Binds to the active side of neuraminidase to inhibit its function This causes clumping of the progeny virions on the surface of infected cells
55
How is Oseltamivir administered?
Orally
56
How is resistance to Oseltamivir brought about?
Point mutations in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase genes
57
Which influenza strains if Oseltamivir given?
A and B strains
58
What are the adverse effects of Oseltamivir?
N/v/d HA CNS events
59
What type of chemical is Zanamivir? What is this used to treat?
Sialic acid used to treat the flu
60
What is the MOA of Zanamivir?
Competitively and reversibly binds to the influenza | neuraminidase active site and inhibits its function
61
How is Zanamivir administered?
To oropharynx and lungs by inhalation
62
How common is resistance to Zanamivir?
Rare
63
What is the difference in the indications for Zanamivir vs Oseltamivir?
Zanamivir is only for 7+
64
What are the adverse effects of Zanamivir?
Cough, bronchoconstriction
65
What is the MOA of Peramivir? What is it used for? Adverse effects?
Neuraminidase inhibitor Acute, uncomplicated flu CNS effects
66
How is Peramivir administered?
Inhalation
67
What is the chemical structure and MOA of Amantadine?
Symmetric tricyclic amines Inhibits Influenza A M2 protein that is required for nucleocapsid release
68
What is the chemical structure and MOA of Rimantadine?
Symmetric tricyclic amines Inhibits Influenza A M2 protein that is required for nucleocapsid release
69
What are amantadine and rimantadine used to treat?
Flu A
70
What is the viral family, genetic makeup, and enveloped status of RSV?
Paramyxoviridae -ssRNA Enveloped
71
What is RSV?
Bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, ILI in adults
72
What is the drug that is used to treat RSV? How is this administered?
Ribavirin--inhalable
73
What type of chemical is Ribavirin? MOA?
Guanosine analog that interfere with the synthesis of guanosine triphosphate, and inhibits mRNA capping
74
What is the antiviral for treating Hep C? (not the new curing drug)
Ribavirin
75
What are the adverse effects of Ribavirin?
Hemolytic anemia
76
What are the contraindications to Ribavirin?
Prego anemic Renal disease
77
What is the viral family, genetic makeup and enveloped status of HCV?
Flaviviridae +ssRNA Enveloped
78
Which genotype of HCV is the least responsive to traditional treatment regimes
1
79
What is the viral family, genetic makeup and enveloped status of HAV?
Picornaviridae RNA Non-enveloped
80
What is the viral family, genetic makeup and enveloped status of HBV?
Hepadnaviridae dsDNA Enveloped
81
What is the viral family, genetic makeup and enveloped status of HEV?
Hepeviridae +ssRNA Non-enveloped
82
What is the protease that cleaves the viral polyprotein, which is a direct translation of the ssRNA of HCV? Which drugs inhibit this?
HCV NS3/4A Paritaprevir Simeprevir
83
What are the enzymes that take the +ssRNA of HCV, and turn it into a -ssRNA template for the production of new viral particles? Which drugs inhibit this?
``` HCV NS5B (RdRp) HCV NS5A ``` Sofosbuvir and Dasabuvir
84
What are the two drugs that inhibit the virion assembly?
Ledipasvir | Ombitasvir
85
What is the MOA of Paritaprevir? How is it administered?
Protease inhibitor for HCV infections | PO administration
86
What are the adverse effects of Paritaprevir?
Asthenia | Fatigue
87
How is resistance to Paritaprevir brought about?
Specific NS3 gene substitution
88
What is the MOA of Simeprevir? How is it administered?
Protease inhibitor in HCV infections | PO administration
89
What are the adverse effects of Simeprevir?
Rash/pruitis
90
How is resistance to Simeprevir brought about?
Mutations in NS3 gene
91
What is the MOA of Ledipasvir? How is it administered?
Nucleotide analog that inhibits HCV NS5A | PO administration
92
What are the adverse effects of Ledipasvir?
Diarrhea, HA
93
How does resistance to Ledipasvir come about?
NS5A gene substitution
94
What is the MOA of Ombitasvir? How is it administered? Adverse effects?
Nucleotide analog that inhibits HCV NS5A PO administration Myasthenia
95
What is the MOA of Sofosbuvir? How is it administered? Adverse effects?
Nucleotide analog prodrug that is incorporated into HCV's RNA and breaks it PO Anemia, ILI
96
What is the MOA of Dasabuvir? How is it administered? Adverse effects?
Non-nucleoside inhibitor of RNA-dependent-RNA pol in HCV PO administration Fatigue

Pharm (73 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions