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Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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2
Q

What neuron type innervates muscles?

A

Alpha motor neurons

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3
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are

(LONG/SHORT) compared to sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers?

A

short

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4
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia cells are clustered where?

A

Within the walls of organs

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5
Q

Which are longer in the parasympathetic system: pre or post-synaptic ganglia?

A

Presynaptic

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6
Q

What is the one exception to the two neuron organization of the ANS?

A

adrenal medulla

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7
Q

The response to a stimulus in the somatic nervous system is always (excitatory/inhibitory)?

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

True or false: responses to a stimulus in the ANS can either be excitatory or inhibitory

A

True

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9
Q

What are the fibers that comprise the autonomic ganglia?

A

B fibers

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10
Q

Why is visceral pain usually dull, and poorly localized?

A

A preganglionic

axon diverges to an average of 8 – 9 post ganglionic neurons

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11
Q

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic pathway are housed where?

A

In the intermediolateral columns or some ganglia of CNs

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12
Q

The intermediolateral columns run from where to where?

A

T1-L3,4

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13
Q

There are generally three places that house postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic pathway. What are they?

A

paravertebral ganglia
Specialized ganglia
Straight to organ

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14
Q

What are the two divisions of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Cranio-sacral

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15
Q

Which CNs are a part of the cranial outflow of ANS?

A

III
VII
IX
X

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16
Q

parasympathetic fibers destined for the pelvic and abdominal viscera emerge from the spinal cord in a bundle of nerves known as what?

A

the nervi erigentes

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17
Q

What is the ENS division of the ANS?

A

runs in the layers of the GI tract

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18
Q

What is the myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus?

A

lies between the external longitudinal and the deeper circular
smooth muscle layer

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19
Q

What does the myenteric/auerbach’s plexus control?

A

GI motility

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20
Q

The submucosal or Meissner’s plexus lies between what two parts of the GI tract?

A

between the circular muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

What does submucosal/Meissner’s plexus control?

A

Ion and fluid movements

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22
Q

What is CN III ganglion?

A

ciliary

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23
Q

What are CN VII’s two ganglions?

A

sphenopalatine

Submaxillary

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24
Q

What is CN IX’s ganglion?

A

otic

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25
True or false: most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
True
26
What are the three major organs that do not receive dual innervation from the ANS?
Liver Kidneys Adrenal glands
27
All somatic nerves release what neurotransmitter?
ACh
28
All preganglionic fibers in the ANS release what neurotransmitter?
ACh
29
Parasympathetic, postganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter?
ACh
30
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release what neurotransmitter?
Adrenergic
31
What is the one sympathetic fiber that releases ACh?
Sweat glands
32
What are cotransmitters?
Neurons release more than one transmitter, each of which interact with specific receptors and produces effects, often both pre- and post-synaptically.
33
True or false: hair follicles and thermoregulatory sweat glands only receive sympathetic innervation
True
34
True or false: ALL preganglionic fibers release ACh
True
35
What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?
Epi | NE
36
Muscarinic receptors use what neurotransmitter?
ACh
37
Renal vasculature uses what neurotransmitter?
Dopaminergic
38
Nicotinic receptors are found where? What neurotransmitter do they use?
On all postganglionic cell body ACh
39
What are homotropic interactions?
Sympathetic neurons neurotransmitter affects itself, to decrease release
40
What are heterotropic interactions?
One division of the ANS blocks the effects of the other, by synapsing on the bouton
41
What is the effect of blocking an autoreceptor on a neuron?
Blocks the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter that is released
42
Sustained blocking of ganglionic transmission results in what?
Increases sensitivity of organs
43
Long term blockade of postsynaptic receptors leads to what changes?
INcrease receptors
44
What are the three mechanisms by which increased ganglionic sensitivity can be effected?
Proliferation of receptors Loss of removal mechs Increased post-junctional response
45
Why is it bad to quickly withdraw beta blockers?
Can lead to hypersensitive BP rebound
46
What is a neuromodulator?
Substance that affects the secretion of other neurotransmitters
47
What are the benefits of cotransmission?
Have a longer lasting neurotransmitter to work farther from the site of release Can change which neurotransmitters release based on stimulation
48
What is the transporter for choline at presynaptic nerve terminals? What are the drugs that inhibits this transporter?
CHT (choline transporter) | Hemicholiniums
49
What is the transporter for ACh into vesicles? What is the drug that impedes this?
VAT (vesicle associated transporter) | Vesamicol
50
What is the toxin that affects the presynaptic bouton for ACh?
Botulinum toxin
51
What is the MOA of botulinum toxin?
blocks SNARES and SNAPS
52
What are the drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterases?
Neostigmine
53
What is the cation that is needed for neurotransmitter release? What protein does this interact with to cause neurotransmitter release?
Ca | synaptotagmin
54
What type of proteins are involved in muscarinic receptors?
G-coupled protein receptors
55
How do nicotinic receptors work?
Allow Na to rush into the cell
56
What receptor: sphincter muscle of the eye?
M3
57
What receptor: radial (dilator) muscle of the eye
Alpha 1
58
What receptor: ciliary muscle of the eye
M3, beta2
59
What receptor: ciliary body epithelium of the eye?
a2, b1, b2
60
What are the two second messengers for G-coupled proteins?
Phospholipase C | adenylyl cyclase
61
Which promotes the active form of G proteins: GDP or GTP?
GTP
62
Where are M2 receptors found?
In the heart
63
What are the primary neurotransmitter receptors in the heart?
M2
64
What is the effect of adenylyl cyclase?
Increases cAMP
65
What is the effect of phospholipase C?
Increases intracellular Ca via IP3
66
What part of the eye secretes aqueous humor?
Ciliary body epithelium
67
What is the part of the eye that drains the aqueous humor?
Canal of schlemm
68
What happens to the eye and the canal of schlemm when you constrict the ciliary muscle?
Opens the canal
69
M3 activation contracts the ciliary muscle, to allow for what to happen to vision?
Near vision accomodation
70
What are the G proteins that are associated with M2 receptors?
Gi
71
What is the function of gi proteins?
Inhibit adenylate cyclase
72
What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the SA node?
Decreased heart rate
73
What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the AV node?
Decreased conduction velocity
74
What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the atrial muscle?
Decreased atrial contraction
75
What is the effect of M2 stimulation on the ventricular muscle?
Decreased ventricular contraction
76
What are the receptors found in the bronchioles?
M3
77
What are the receptors found in the bronchiolar submucosal glands?
M3
78
M1 uses which type of G protein?
Gq--PIP
79
M2 uses which type of G protein?
Gi
80
M3 uses which type of G protein?
Gq--PIP
81
What disease should you never use M3 activators for?
Asthma
82
What is the effect of M3 receptors in the stomach?
Motility/cramps
83
What is the effect of M1/M3 receptors in glands?
Secretion
84
What is the effect of M3 receptor activation in the intestines?
Contraction/diarrhea
85
What is the effect of M3 activation in the stomach?
Increased HCl secretion
86
Histamine causes what side effect?
Increased acid production in the stomach
87
What is the effect of stimulating M1 receptors on histamine ECL cells?
Increased histamine, leading to increased HCl secretion
88
What is the role of M1 in secretion of HCl in the stomach?
Stimulates histamine cells
89
What is the role of M2 in secretion of HCl in the stomach?
Increases parietal cell HCl secretion
90
What is the effect of M3 on the detrusor?
Contracts, causing urination
91
What is the effect of M3 on the trigone/sphincter?
Relaxation, allowing for urination

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