AP Bio Chapter 13 Part 3

Question 0

Non disjunction

Answer 0

When chromosomes do not separate during anaphase. Leads to too many or too few chromosomes. Don’t split during anaphase

Question 1

How do chromosomal abnormalities occur

Answer 1

They can happen in meiosis but it’s dependent on the person

Question 2

What does non junction lead to

Answer 2

Gametes with irregular numbers of chromosomes

Question 3

What is non disjunction not likely in

Answer 3

Males

Question 4

In order for non disjunction to have an affect, where must it occur

Answer 4

In a germ line cell

Question 5

What are overall cases of large scale rearrangement

Answer 5

Segments of chromosomes that can get altered during DNA replication

Question 6

What are the four main types of chromosomal rearrangement

Answer 6

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

Question 7

Deletion

Answer 7

Chromosomal segment is removed

Question 8

Duplication

Answer 8

Chromosomal segment is repeated

Question 9

Inversion

Answer 9

Chromosomal segment is reversed

Question 10

Translocation

Answer 10

A chromosomal segment is moved from one chromosome to a non homologous chromosome

Question 11

What are “somy” mutations

Answer 11

Mutations involving a single chromosome. Individual missing, or extra chromosomes

Question 12

What do somy mutations usually result in

Answer 12

Miscarriage

Question 13

What is the scientific name for Down’s syndrome and what is the mutation

Answer 13

Trisomy 21

3 copies of chromosome 21

Question 14

What are the effects of trisomy 21

Answer 14

Characteristic facial appearance
Varying levels of retardation
Other varying affects

Question 15

How do organisms respond to sex chromosome “somy” mutations

Answer 15

Generally more tolerated by the organism. These don’t result in miscarriage

Question 16

Scientific term for turner’s syndrome

Answer 16

Monosomy X

Question 17

What are the effects of turners syndrome

Answer 17

Phenotypically female
Sterile
Associated with heart defects

Question 18

What are the sex chromosomes for Kleinfelter’s syndrome

Answer 18

XXY

Question 19

What are affects of kleinfelter’s syndrome

Answer 19

Phenotypically male
Reduced fertility
Some “female” secondary sexual characteristics

Question 20

What types of mutations are tolerated by organisms

Answer 20

Multiple x or Y chromosomes

Question 21

What is the Y chromosome in comparison to others

Answer 21

The smallest human chromosome. Contains very few genes

Question 22

What is the major function of the Y chromosome

Answer 22

To direct testes formation early in development

Question 23

How is the X chromosome compared to others

Answer 23

Very large, contains many genes

Question 24

What is special about the X chromosome

Answer 24

Both males and females must function with it (Males only get 1 copy) X inactivation

Question 25

X inactivation

Answer 25

Early in development every X chromosome in a cell except 1 is turned into an inactive "Barr body". Therefore, multiple X chromosome are not a problem.

Question 26

When there are whole sets of chromosomal mutations, what's that called

Answer 26

"Ploidy" mutations

Question 27

What do ploidy mutations involve

Answer 27

Extra homologous sets of chromosomes | Not usually tolerated in animals

Question 28

What is the rule on chromosomal rearrangements in organisms

Answer 28

No rule on how they'll affect the organism | Sometimes detrimental, sometime silent