AP Bio Chapter 17 Part 3

Question 0

Each round of replication does what to the lagging strand

Answer 0

Shortens the 5’ end by 100-200 bp

Question 1

What poses a unique challenge during DNA replication

Answer 1

The ends of linear chromosomes

Question 2

What would happen if the shortening of the lagging strand continued indefinitely

Answer 2

Chromosomes would get shorter and shorter after each replication, and information would begin to get lost

Question 3

Telomeres

Answer 3

The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Consists of short, repeating DNA sequence

Question 4

What is the vertebrate telomere

Answer 4

TTAGG

Question 5

Telomerase

Answer 5

The enzyme responsible for replicating the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 6

What does telomerase use

Answer 6

An RNA template to add more telomere sequence during replication.

Question 7

Where is telomerase not active

Answer 7

Senescent cells

Question 8

After DNA is replicated what does a proof reader enzyme do

Answer 8

Checks to be sure there’s no mutations, and fixes them (most mutations corrected before they have an effect)

Question 9

What’s transcription

Answer 9

DNA-RNA

Question 10

What happens in initiation of transcription

Answer 10

RNA Polymerase attaches to a “promoter” region in front (upstream) (where it will bind to) of a gene

Question 11

Where does RNA polymerase bind in prokaryotes

Answer 11

Directly to the promoter

Question 12

How does RNA polymerase bind in eukaryotes

Answer 12

Requires an assemblage of “transcription factor” proteins to be able to bind to the promoter

Question 13

What characteristic things do promoters have

Answer 13

Characteristic DNA sequences (ex. TATA box in eukaryotes)

Question 14

What happens during elongation in transcription

Answer 14

Similar to DNA replication, RNA production occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 15

The template strand of DNA

Answer 15

The strand that the RNA transcript is being produced off of (its sequence is opposite to the transcript)

Question 16

The nontemplate strand of DNA

Answer 16

Coding strand

Same sequence as RNA transcript (with uracil instead of thymine in the transcript)

Question 17

What happens in termination of DNA replication

Answer 17

Transcript production continues until the end of the transcription unit is reached

Question 18

What happens after termination

Answer 18

Many types of protein play a role.
Approx. 10 types
3 major types

Question 19

What are the 3 major types of RNA

Answer 19

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 20

Messenger RNA

Answer 20

Carries DNA sequence information to the ribosome

Question 21

Transfer RNA

Answer 21

Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome

Question 22

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 22

Major structural building block of ribosomes

Question 23

What happens to the mRNA transcript in prokaryotes

Answer 23

Immediately translated

Question 24

What happens to the mRNA transcript in eukaryotes

Answer 24

The mRNA transcript is extensively processed in the nucleus before it leaves to be translated. While processed in the nucleus, 5' cap and poly-A tail put on post transcription and RNA processing

Question 25

What is added to the 5' end of the transcript

Answer 25

A modified nucleotide

Question 26

What is added to the 3' end of the transcript and what does it function as

Answer 26

A tail of several hundred adenine residues, these modifications function in the nuclear export and maintenance of the mRNA

Question 27

What do eukaryotic genes contain regarding "exon splicing"

Answer 27

Eukaryotic genes contain large stretches of non coding DNA (introns) interspersed between coding DNA (exons)

Question 28

How is a functional protein produced in exon splicing, and what completes the process

Answer 28

Introns are removed and the exon she must be spliced together prior to the movement of the mRNA transcript to the nucleus Accomplished by a splicesome (type of enzymatic DNA molecule)

Question 29

Why are introns spliced?

Answer 29

Not answered | Evolutionary baggage? Selfish genes?

Question 30

What do we know about having multiple exons in a gene

Answer 30

Allows eukaryotes to have multiple functional proteins from one gene (alternative splicing)

Question 31

What can be interchangeable

Answer 31

Introns and exons | SORT OF IDRK MAN