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From Flashcardlet > AP II_Respiratory_Exam3 > Flashcards

AP II_Respiratory_Exam3 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration Process

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Gas Exchange
  3. Transport Oxygen & CO2
  4. Gas Exchange between blood & Tissues
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2
Q

Ventilation

A
  • movement of air in and out of lungs
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3
Q

Gas Exchange

A
  • between air in lungs and blood
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4
Q

Internal Respiration

A
  • gas exchange between blood and tissues
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5
Q

What does breathing do?

A
  • provides Oxygen needed in cellular repsiration to make ATP for glucose.
  • Gets ride of Toxic CO2 (waste)
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6
Q

5 Functions of Respiration

A
  1. regulate pH
  2. produce chemical mediators
  3. voice production
  4. olfaction
  5. protection
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7
Q

Altering pH (respiratory)

A
  • CO2 levels do this
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8
Q

Chemical Mediators (Respiratory)

A
  • Angiotensin Converting Enzyme- blood pressure regulation
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9
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

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10
Q

Voice Production (Respiratory)

A
  • air moving past vocal folds makes sounds
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11
Q

Respiratory Olfaction

A
  • Airborne molecules drawn to nasal cavity
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12
Q

Respiratory Protection

A
  • protects against microbes
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13
Q

Organs in the respiratory system (in order)

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli (in lungs)
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14
Q

Nasal Cavity is an opening for the

A

paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

Name bones forming floor of nasal cavity

A
  1. palatine process of maxilla, palatine
  2. nasal, frontal, ethmoid sphenoid
  3. maxillae and nasal conchae
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16
Q

Bones of Nasal Septum

A
  • partition dividing right and left
  • vomer
  • perpendicular plate
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17
Q

Where does Respiratory movement occur?

A
  • diaphragm
  • muscles of thoracic
  • abdominal walls
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18
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract x4

A
  • external nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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19
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract x4

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Lungs
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20
Q

2 Regions of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Conducting Zone
  2. Respiratory Zone
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21
Q

Conducting Zone

A
  • Air movement
  • Nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • broncioles
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22
Q

Respiratory Zone

A
  • in lungs
  • where gas exchange
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23
Q

Nares means

A

nostrils

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24
Q

Choanae

A
  • openings in pharynx
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25
Q

Vestibule

A
  • inside nostrils
  • anterior nasal cavity
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26
Q

Function of Tonsils

A
  • lymphatic
  • trap microbes
  • make lymphocytes
  • fight infection
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27
Q

Conchae

A
  • modify lateral walls
  • 3 bony ridges
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28
Q

Meatus

A

passageway

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29
Q

Paranasal Sinus

A
  • within superior and middle meatus
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30
Q

Function of Nasal Cavity

A
  1. passage way for air
  2. cleans air
  3. humidifies/warms air
  4. contains olfactory epitherlium
  5. determine voice sound
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31
Q

Pharynx

A
  • opening for digestive/respiratory
  • receives air from nasal cavity
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32
Q

3 Regions of Pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx, oropharanyx, laryngopharynx
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33
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • houses pharyngeal tonsil= adenoid
  • Internal Nares to soft palate
  • incomplete muscle & connective tissue
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34
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • soft palate to hyoid/epiglottis
  • houses lingual and palatine tonsils
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35
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • hyoid to larynx
  • (epiglottis to esophagus to larynx)
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36
Q

Uvula

A
  • posterior extension of soft palate
  • lymphatic tissue
37
Q

Soft Palate

A

prevents swallowed materials from entering nasophayrnx and nasal cavity

38
Q

Adenoid

A

pharyngeal tonsil

39
Q

Larynx

A
  • connects oropharynx to trachea
  • 9 cartilage: 3 unpaired, 6 paired
  • vocal fold
  • vestibular folds
40
Q

Name 6 cartilages of Larynx

A
  1. cuneiforms x2
  2. arytenoids x2
  3. corniculates x2
  4. thyroid
  5. epiglottis
  6. cricoid
41
Q

Function of Epiglottis

A
  • prevents choking
  • closes glottis when swallowing
42
Q

How sound is produced x3

A
  • exhale-air vibrates vocal chords
  • muscles make cords tighter (high pitch/low pitch)
  • resonating chambers (nasal cavity, sinuses, tongue, lips)- enunciation
43
Q

Trachea

A
  • membrane tube attached to larynx
  • dense connective tissue and smooth muscle of hyaline cartilage
  • incomplete cartilagous rings
44
Q

Carina

A
  • Larynx
  • separtes openings into main bronchi.
  • Inferior end of trachea
45
Q

Tracheabronchial Tree

A
  • all respiratory passages divide into main
  • divide smaller and smaller to micro tubes & sacs
  • amount of cartilage decreases as you descend, smooth muscle increases
46
Q

Lung Lobes

A
  • Right= 3
  • Left = 2
  • indentation= cardiac notch
47
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • middle partition by heart, trachea, esophagus
  • separates PLEAURAL CAVITIES.
  • Surrounds all thoracic organs except LUNGS
48
Q

Pleural

A
  • keeps lungs from collapsing
  • lubricant
  • holds parietal & viscera together
49
Q

Viscera Pleural

A
  • covers surface of lung
  • shiny
50
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

lining of thoracic cavity, shiny

51
Q

Alveoli

A
  • small air chambers where gas exchange takes place
  • diffusion with blood vessels
  • Repiratory Zone
  • Microscopic air sacs in lungs
52
Q

Alveoli Capillary Membrane

A

one cell layer for each. THIN

53
Q

Boyle’s Law

A
  • Pressure Increases when volume decreases
  • affects intrapulmonary pressure
54
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A
  • amount of air available for gas exchange in lungs
55
Q

What happens when terminal bronchioles are constricted

A

asthma attack

56
Q

Ventilation

A
  • F= P1 - P2/R
  • Thoracic wall, diaphragm, skeletal muscles
  • in/out of airways
57
Q

Inspiration

A
  • Inhalation
  • moving air IN
  • diaphgram, EXTERNAL intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles
  • Increase thoracic volume by ELEVATING ribs
58
Q

Expiration

A
  • passive
  • air moving out
  • DEPRESS ribs & sternum
  • INTERNAL intercostals
  • transverse thoracics
59
Q

Atmospheric

A
  • all gases in the air
  • 760 mmHG (sea level)
60
Q

Intrapulmonary Pressure

A
  • pressure in lungs
  • varies according to Boyle’s Law
61
Q

Intrapleural Pressue

A
  • 758 mmHG
  • negative (sucking)
  • keep lungs from collapsing
62
Q

End of inhalation

A
  • intra-alveolar pressure = barometric air pressure, NO MOVEMENT
63
Q

Surface Tension

A
  • when like molecules are attracted. If moisture in alveoli attracts ot ea. other, alveolus collapses
  • occurs @ boundary between water & air.
  • Polar water molecules are more attracted than air.
  • form droplet
64
Q

Lung Recoil

A
  • decrease in size when stretched.
  • decreases when alveole decreases
65
Q

Why does lung increase in size when its alveoli decreases?

A
  • elastic recoil by elastic fibers
  • surface tension by fluid film that lines alveolie
66
Q

Surfactant

A
  • lipoprotein
  • form monolayer over alveoli to reduce surface tension
  • reduces tendency for lung to collapse
67
Q

Respiratory distress in preamature babes

A
  • no surfactant
  • difficulty breathing
68
Q

Alveolar Airflow + Bloodflow

A
  • close match
  • if lung is damaged, blood vessels CONSTRICT to reroute function areas
69
Q

Partial Pressure

A
  • exerted by each type of gas in a mixture
  • % contributes to atmospher x Atmospheric Pressure
70
Q

How oxygen gets transported

A

hemoglobin, 1.5% dissolved in plasma

71
Q

As PO2 increases

A

more hemoglobin and Oxygen attached

72
Q

As PO2 decreases

A

oxygen is avalable to diffuse into tissue

73
Q

What does Acid pH, High PCO2 high DPG do?

A
  • shift Oxgyen-Hemoglobin to the right
  • more likely to disassociate in tissues
  • high metabolism
74
Q

How CO2 gets carried into blood stream?

A
  • HCO3-
  • Bicarbonate
  • (some to plasma + hemoglobin)
75
Q

Chloride Shift

A
  • bicarbonate is negative
  • chloride is negative
  • if bicarbonate moves in, chloride moves out to keep charges balanced
76
Q

Medullary Rhythmicity

A
  • main control of breathing
  • causes inspiration
77
Q

Active Expiratory Center

A
  • only time is when forcefully exhale
78
Q

Rhymic Breathing in Pons

A
  1. Apneustic, prolongs inspiration
  2. Pneumotoxic, limits inspiration
79
Q

How arterial PO2 influences alveolar ventilation?

A
  • drops in PO2 INCREASE ventilation
80
Q

How PCO2 influence alveolar ventilation

A
  • tiny increase
  • INCREASE ventilation
81
Q

How does pH influence alveolar ventilation

A
  • not sensitive
  • low pH, INCREASE ventilation
82
Q

Exercise in Respiratory System

A
  • Increase PCO2
  • Increase RR
  • Increase TV
  • Dilated Airways
  • Hemoglobin/Disassociation shift right
  • Decrease pH
  • increase metabolic (DPG)
  • Cardiovascular changes + carry gases
83
Q

Inspiration Sequence

A
  1. Thoracic Volume Increase
  2. Pleaural Pressure Decrease
  3. Alv Volume Increase
  4. Alv Pressure Decrease
  5. Air into lungs
84
Q

Partial Pressure is greatest with

A

Inspired Air

85
Q

When PCO2 Increase, what happens to oxygen to blood

A

decreases

86
Q

What increases respiratory rate

A

PCO2

87
Q

True vocal chords

A

glottis

88
Q

What causes lung recoil

A

surface tension + Elastic fibers

89
Q

At the end of inspriatio which pressure is most negative

A

pleural

From Flashcardlet (35 decks)

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