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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Bone reaction to injury > Flashcards

Bone reaction to injury Flashcards

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1
Q

What constitutes a bone deformity/anomaly to be genetic?

A

there are one or more defective genes or variations in expression

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2
Q

What constitutes a bone deformity/anomaly to be acquired?

A

it occurs in utero, is neonatal, or occurs during juvenile development

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3
Q

What are some types of chondrodysplasia or skeletal dysplasia?

A

dwarfism, angular deformities, missing part of some limbs, or skull/mandible abnormalities

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4
Q

What is amelia?

A

when a limb is missing

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5
Q

What is hemimelia?

A

when limbs are shortened

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6
Q

What is prognathism?

A

when the mandible is abnormally long

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7
Q

What is brachygnathism?

A

when the mandible is abnormally short

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8
Q

What is chiari?

A

when there is an occipital malformation such as an extra hole near the foramen magnum

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9
Q

What can cause chondrodysplasia and skeletal dysplasia?

A

genetic defects, teratogens, and nutritional abnormalities

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10
Q

What abnormality does veratrum californicum cause?

A

cyclopia during the 14th day of gestation if the sheep eats it

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11
Q

What abnormality does thalidomide cause?

A

phocomelia (loss of long bones) in children

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12
Q

What is an example of a nutritional abnormality that leads to chondrodysplasia and skeletal dysplasia?

A

iodine deficiency that causes goiter in foals and prognathism

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13
Q

What is osteochondrosis?

A

a focal defect that occurs in endochondrial ossification

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14
Q

If the focal defect in endochondrial ossification is occuring in the AE complex, what type of osteochondrosis is it?

A

osteochondrosis dissecans

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15
Q

If the focal defect in endochondrial ossification is occuring in the physis, what can happen?

A

epiphysiolysis - a fracture through the physis because it has become weaker

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16
Q

What animals does osteochondrosis commonly happen to?

A

animals that are bred for rapid bone growth

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17
Q

What lesions are associated with osteochondrosis?

A

a plug of necrotic cartilage in the location of osteochondrosis, a defect/flap of articular cartilage, and an uneven joint surface and subchondral bone

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of osteochondrosis dissecans?

A
  1. premature vessel closure
  2. focal AE ischemia
  3. cartilage necrosis
  4. focal endochondrial ossification failure with adjacent endochondrial ossification progression
  5. deformity of articular surface
  6. necrotic cartilage breaks free into the joint
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19
Q

What is loss of bone characterized as?

A

net decrease in bone mass

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20
Q

What generally causes loss of bone?

A

osteoclastic resorption exceeds bone production

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21
Q

What is diffuse loss of bone known as?

A

osteoporosis or ostopenia

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22
Q

What can cause osteoporosis or ostopenia?

A

disease, nutritional imbalances, and hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

What is focal or localized loss of bone known as?

A

bone lysis

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24
Q

What is bone lysis associated with?

A

chronic inflamation or neoplasia due to the increase in cytokine production that causes an increase in osteoclastic resorption

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25
What is hyperostosis?
an increase in amount of bone production: woven bone to lamellar bone
26
What generally causes hyperostosis?
local cytokines recruit and activate osteoblasts to form new bone
27
What specifically can cause hyperostosis?
compression and periosteal/endosteal injury due to chronic inflammation, neoplasia, trauma/fracture, or it is idiopathic
28
What is osteosclerosis?
abnormally dense bone - like cortical bone
29
What is osteosclerosis caused by?
can be caused by the failure of osteoclasis; a decrease in a number and activity of osteoclasts
30
What is osteopetrosis?
diffuse osteosclerosis of trabecular bone; usually an inherited defect in mammals
31
What is growth retardation lattice?
metaphyseal osteosclerosis due to the persistence of primary spongiosa
32
What is osteonecrosis?
death of bone cells
33
What is osteonecrosis usually caused by?
ischemia, bacterial toxins, heat, and cold
34
In order for necrotic bone to be removed what must happen?
revascularization is required and osteoclastic resorption must remove the necrotic bone
35
What is a sequestrum?
a piece of necrotic bone that is walled off and acts as a foreign tissue: occurs when bone is not produced
36
What can a fracture through the physis lead to?
early closure of growth plate causing shortening because endochondrial ossification does not occur
37
What does fracture healing begin with?
callus formation
38
What are the steps of callus formation?
a. hematoma b. hematoma and bone necrosis c. organization of hematoma (soft callus formation) d. early ossification (mineralization of woven bone) e. late ossification with remodeling (hard callus)
39
What is fibrous osteodystrophy?
bone changes due to prolonged PTH stimulation (hyperparathyroidism)
40
What lesions are associated with fibrous osteodystrophy?
diffuse oseteoclastic bone resporption and marked proliferation of fibrous tissue in bone (bones become softer and thicker)
41
What is the mechanism of nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy?
a decrease in dietary calcium and or an increase in dietary phosphorus leads to a decrease in vitamin D causing a decrease in serum calcium and an increase in parathyroid hormone
42
What is the mechanism of renal fibrous osteodystrophy?
a decrease in glomerular filtration rate causing an increase in serum phosphorus leading to a decrease in D3 production causing a decrease in serum calcium and an increase in parathyroid hormone
43
What is vitamin D necessary for?
normal physis maturation and minaralization, normal osteoid production, and calcium absorption from the gut
44
What bone abnormalities can hypovitaminosis D cause?
physeal chondrodystrophy, osteomalacia, and fibrous osteodystrophy
45
What is physeal chondrodystrophy?
thickened, disorganized physes because the chondrocytes fail to mature
46
What is osteomalacia?
the accumulation of unmineralized osteoid
47
What does hypervitaminosis D cause?
hypercalcemia which leads to metastatic mineralization
48
What is osteomyelitis?
bone and medullary inflammation
49
What is periosteitis?
when the periosteal surface is inflamed
50
What is commonly associated with chronic osteomyelitis?
lysis and hyperostosis
51
What types of exudate are associated with osteomyelitis and periosteitis?
all except for catarrhal
52
What can cause osteomyelitis and periosteitis?
trauma, bacteria, fungi, +/- viruses, or idiopathic
53
How would a bacteria cause osteomyelitis or periosteitis?
bacterua would penetrate the wound and localize in the metaphysis and epiphyses of young animals
54
What generally causes chronic osteomyelitis?
persistence of an inciting agent
55
What specifically can cause chronic osteomyelitis?
systemic fungal or persistent bacterial infection
56
What are some types of benign primary bone neoplasms?
osteoma, chondroma, ossifying fibroma, and osteochondroma
57
What are some types of malignant primary bone neoplasms?
osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, multilobular tumor of the canine skull
58
What is a seconary bone neoplasm (definition)?
anything that spreads from something to bone
59
What are some metastatic neoplasms that metastasize to bone?
carcinomas, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and others
60
What lesion is shown here?
dwarfism in a calf
61
What lesion is shown here?
occipital (chiari) malformation
62
What lesion is shown here?
osteochondrosis in the femur of a horse
63
What lesion is shown here?
osteochondrosis in the femoral condyles of a horse
64
What lesion is shown here?
multifocal bone lysis due to osteomyelitis
65
What is this?
a pocket of pus
66
What is happening here?
bone loss
67
What is this?
an osteoclast
68
What lesion is shown here?
multifocal bone lysis
69
What lesion is shown here?
hyperostosis
70
Identify a, b, and c.
a. endosteal surface b. cortical surface c. new bone growth
71
What lesion is shown here?
osteopetrosis - there is no marrow cavity, bone is very brittle
72
What lesion is shown here?
a rib fracture with a callus
73
What lesion is shown here?
fibrous osteodystrophy in a bird with rickets
74
What lesion is shown here?
fibrous osteodystrophy
75
What lesion is shown here?
necrotizing an purulent osteomyelitis, physitis, and arthritis with sequestra formation
76
A.
failure of passive transfer
77
B.
umbilical infection (+/- omphalophlebitis)
78
C.
bacteremia
79
D.
localization in metaphyseal vessels: capillary loops and marginal defense mechanisms
80
E.
fibrinopurulent and necrotizing inflammation in metaphysis
81
F.
extension into physis, +/- epiphysis
82
G.
chondronecrosis and destruction of physis
83
H.
chemical mediators: IL1, IL6, PG, TNFalpha
84
I.
increased local osteoclastic bone resorption
85
J.
radiographic bone lysis
86
K.
osteonecrosis
87
L.
sequestrum formation
88
Identify this structure:
osteoid
89
What lesion is shown here?
osteosarcoma
90
What lesion is shown here?
osteolysis of vertebral body due to metastatic adenocarcinoma in the spine

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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