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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Unit 4 - Male Repro > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The scrotum is entirely closed off from the peritoneal cavity so no fluid can enter.

A

False - fluid from the peritoneal cavity can enter the scrotum via the inguinal canal

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2
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

to aid in temperature regulation of the testes

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3
Q

How does the scrotum aid in temperature regulation of the testes?

A

thin scrotal skin, minimal subcutaneous fat and connective tissue, and abundant sweat glands

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4
Q

What can inflammation of the scrotum result in?

A

increased temperature of the testes which can cause testicular degeneration and fertility issues

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5
Q

What does the delicacy of scrotal skin make it vulnerable to?

A

insults

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6
Q

What can scrotal lesions be caused by?

A

trauma, frostbite, environmental irritants, pathogens, and neoplasms

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7
Q

What pathogens can cause scrotal lesions in bulls?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis and Besnoitia besnoiti

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8
Q

What pathogens can cause scrotal lesions in rams?

A

Chorioptes bovis

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9
Q

What neoplasms can cause scrotal lesions?

A

mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, and equine sarcoid

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10
Q

What will happen if the temperature of the testes are at or above body temperature?

A

the seminiferous epithelium will degenerate

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11
Q

What mechanisms are used for cooling the testes?

A

thin scrotal skin with little to no subcutaneous fat and abundant sweat glands and pampiniform plexus

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12
Q

How does scrotal inflammation lead to infertility?

A

Inflammation causes increased temperature which causes degeneration of sertoli cells and spermatagonia which causes testicular atrophy which causes infertility

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13
Q

What is located in the seminiferous tubules?

A

sertoli cells and spermatogonia

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14
Q

What is located in the interstitium?

A

leydig cells, blood vessels, lymphatics, and macrophages

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15
Q

What could a smaller than normal testicles indicate?

A

cryptorchidism, hypoplasia, testicular atrophy/degeneration, or segmental aplasia of the epididymis

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16
Q

What are the common causes of an increased testicle size?

A

epididymitis/spermatic granulomas, orchitis, periorchitis, and testicular neoplasia

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17
Q

What are some non common causes of increased testicle size?

A

congenital cysts, vericocele, torsion, inguinal hernias, or scrotal lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

What is another name for incomplete testicular descent?

A

cryptorchidism

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19
Q

In what species is cryptorchidism a common developmental anamoly in?

A

dogs and cats

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20
Q

How does cryptorchidism happen?

A

the testes should both descent shortly after birth but instead one or both remain in the abdominal cavity

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21
Q

What causes cryptorchidism in dogs and what should be done?

A

it is an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance so affected animals should be castrated

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22
Q

What is the most common form of cryptorchidism in dogs?

A

right unilateral cryptorchidism but it can be bilateral as well

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23
Q

What are the consequences of cryptorchidism?

A

retained teste is usually hypoplasic and sperm quality is low, retained teste is more likely to develop neoplasia at an earlier age, and the retained teste is predisposed to torsion

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24
Q

What can cause testicular hypoplasia?

A

cryptorchidism, poor nutrition, zinc deficiency, endocrine and genetic abnormalities, or specific genes in swedish red and white cattle

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25
Q

Grossly what does a hypoplastic testicle look like?

A

they are small (both the testicle and the epididymis), have a softer consistency, oval shape andsmooth surface

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26
Q

What does testicular atrophy refer to?

A

refers to testes that had reached a normal size at puberty and are no reduced in size

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27
Q

What can cause testicular atrophy?

A

old age, increased testicular temperature, nutritional disorders, hormones, viral infections, radiation, and chemotherapy

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28
Q

What does testicular atrophy look like grossly?

A

they appear small, firm with smooth surfaces and many tumes they contain areas of fibrosis and mineralization

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29
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

inflammation of the epididymis due to continuous infection

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30
Q

What are the two inflammatory lesions recognized in the epididymis?

A

spermatic granuloma and epididymitis

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31
Q

What is a spermatic granuloma characterized by?

A

severe granulomatous inflammation

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32
Q

What does inflammation in a spermatic granuloma follow?

A

exposure of spermatozoa to the interstitium

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33
Q

True or False: Spermatic granulomas of the epididymal tail is not an infectious condition.

A

False - spermatic granuloma of the epididymal HEAD is not an infectious condition

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34
Q

What do spermatic granulomas look like microscopically?

A

there are accumulations of spermatozoa and macrophages within tubules and/or in the adjacent interstitium

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35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of spermatic granuloma formation?

A
  1. disruption of flow of spermatozoa 2. spermatostasis 3. dilation of ducts with formation of a spermatocele 4. rupture and release of spermatozoa into the epididymal interstitium 5. Spermatozoa are recognized as foreign antigens by the immune system 6. recruitment of macrophages to the site of rupture 7. granuloma formation 8. leads to infertility due to obstruction 9. back pressure can lead to testicular atrophy
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36
Q

What can cause epididymitis?

A

trauma, infectious, or spread of inflammation from surrounding tissues

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37
Q

What are routes of infection that cause epididymitis?

A

ascending (from accessory glands or urinary tract), extension from adjacent tissues, hematogenous, or penetrating wound

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38
Q

What species is epididymitis important in?

A

rams and dogs

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39
Q

Where does epididymitis typically occur?

A

at the tail of the epididymis and it is typically unilateral

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40
Q

What is the gross appearance of acute epididymitis?

A

enlarged, swollen, and soft epididymis with hyperemia, edema, and fibrinosuppurative exudate

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41
Q

What is the gross appearance of chronic epididymitis?

A

enlarged and firm epididymis, spermatic granuloma, testicular atrophy/degeneration, periorchitis with fibrinous/fibrous adhesion, ulcerated scrotum due to self trauma, and scrotal fistulas

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42
Q

What is orchitis?

A

inflammation of the testicle

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43
Q

What does orchitis result from?

A

extension of inflammation from the epididymis, so orchitis and epididumitis often occur together

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44
Q

Primary orchitis is usually _______.

A

hematogenous

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45
Q

What are some important infectious causes of orchitis?

A

Brucella abortus, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Brucella suis

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46
Q

Grossly what does orchitis look like?

A

the affected testicle is enlarged and contains multifocal to diffuse areas of soft friable material when cut

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47
Q

How does orchitis cause infertility/sterility?

A
  1. damage by inflammatory cells, increased temperature, pressure from edema +/- bacterial toxins 2. Exudate from affected testicle in the ejaculate 3. Blockage of excretory ducts 4. Antisperm antibodies
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48
Q

What is periorchitis?

A

inflammation of the vaginal tunics

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49
Q

What does periorchitis result from?

A

extension of orchitis and/or epididymitis, extension of peritonitis into the scrotal cavity, or trauma/penetrating wound

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50
Q

Grossly what does periorchitis look like?

A

the effected peritesticular tunics are thickened, opaque with variable inflammatory exudate on the surface - if chronic there may be fibrous adhesions

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51
Q

What are primary testicular tumors common in?

A

older dogs and may be seen in aged bulls

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52
Q

True or False: Combinations of more than 1 tumor type are common in dogs

A

true - and they occur in up to 25% of canine testicular neoplasms

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53
Q

The vast majority of testicular neoplasms are _____ and _____.

A

benign; curative

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54
Q

If an animal is cryptorchid, what risk do they have of developing sertoli cell tumors?

A

26 fold greater risk

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55
Q

If an animal is cryptorchid, what risk do they have of developing seminomas?

A

15 fold greater risk

56
Q

What are interstitial (leydig) cell tumors common in?

A

dog, cat, and bull

57
Q

What do interstitial cell tumors originate from?

A

Leydig cells

58
Q

What is the gross appearance of interstitial (leydig) cell tumors?

A

well-demarcated, spherical, usually less than a cm, slow growing, tan to yello to orange on cut surface often with hemorrhage

59
Q

What is the biologic behavior of interstitial (leydig) cell tumors?

A

non-functional, the majority are benign

60
Q

What is a seminoma a neoplasm of?

A

germ cells

61
Q

Characterize a seminoma.

A

unilateral or bilateral, solitary or multiple, and locally invasive, larger than interstitial cell tumor,

62
Q

What do seminomas look like grossly?

A

bulg on cut surface, lobulated, white to gray and firm

63
Q

What is the biologic behavior of seminomas?

A

typically benign, 6-11% metastasize, non-functional

64
Q

Sertoli cell tumors are the ___ most common in dogs, ____ in other species/

A

third, rare

65
Q

What is the gross appearance of sertoli cell tumors?

A

multilobulated, large, with abundant fibrous connective tissue, firm, ad white

66
Q

What is the biological behavior of sertoli cell tumors?

A

they are typically benign, and about 1/3 are functional

67
Q

What do the functional sertoli cell tumors cause?

A

reduced libido, gynecomastica, bilateral symmetric alopecia, and myelotoxicity

68
Q

What are side effects/clinical signs associated with feminization?

A

increased amounts of estrogens, bilateral symmetrical alopecia, gynacomastica, pendulous prepuce, atrophy of contralateral testicle, bone marrow suppression, attractiveness to other male dogs, and squamous metaplasia of prostatic urethra and epithelium

69
Q

What is the role of accessory genital glands?

A

to provide nutrition and transport medium to spermatozoa

70
Q

What is the only animal that develops prostatic disease with any frequency?

A

the dog

71
Q

What clinical signs are associated with prostatic disease in dogs?

A

tenesmus, constipation, ribbon-shaped stools, hematuria, preputial discharge

72
Q

Grossly what does prostatic disease look like?

A

increased size (symmetrical or asymmetrical) +/- cysts

73
Q

What disease cause prostatomegaly?

A

hyperplasia, neoplasia, and inflammation

74
Q

What is the main cause of symmetrical prostatomegaly?

A

hyperplasia

75
Q

What are the types of prostatic hyperplasia?

A

benign and squamous

76
Q

What are the causes of asymmetrical prostatomegaly?

A

neoplasia or inflammation

77
Q

What population is prostatic hyperplasia common in?

A

aged, intact male dogs

78
Q

Prostatic hyperplasia is an ___ and ____ dependent conditon?

A

age and testosterone

79
Q

What will cause regression of prostatic hyperplasia?

A

neutering

80
Q

What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  1. imbalance of testosterone and estrogen 2. the number and sensitivity of androgen receptors are increased in prostate in response to increased ratio of estrogen 3. results in a relative increase in testosterone activity 4. triggers factors which result in hyperplasia
81
Q

What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like grossly?

A

the prostate is symmetrically enlarged and may have cysts

82
Q

If there are identifiable cysts and the prostate is hyperplastic what is it called?

A

cystic hyperplasia

83
Q

What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like microscopically?

A

there is an increase in the number and size of acini; +/- papillary folds, epithelial cells remain tall columnar

84
Q

What population of dogs does squamous metaplasia occur in?

A

intact male dogs

85
Q

Squamous prostatic metaplasia is an _____ dependent condition?

A

estrogen

86
Q

Squamous metaplasia occurs in dogs that develop _____ ____ ___ that is hormonally active and producing estrogen?

A

sertoli cell tumor

87
Q

What is the gross appearance of prostatic squamous metaplasia?

A

the prostate is symmetrically enlarged and may or may not have cysts

88
Q

What does prostatic squamous metaplasia look like microscopically?

A

glandular acini are lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium

89
Q

What clinical signs are associated with prostatic neoplasia?

A

anorexia, weight loss, hematuria, stranguria, tenesmus, and rear limb weakness

90
Q

What age and population does prostatic neoplasia typically affect?

A

aged (mean age is 10) intact and neutered males (dogs, rare in cats)

91
Q

Do intact or neutered males have a higher risk of developing prostatic neoplasia?

A

neutered males have an equal or greater risk of developing a prostatic umor

92
Q

What are the types of prostatic neoplasia?

A

uroepithelial origin (TCC of the prostatic urethra), prostate epithelial origin (adenocarcinoma of the prostate), or mixed carcinoma

93
Q

What is the biologic behavior of prostatic neoplasia?

A

tumors are locally invasive and will metastasize

94
Q

Where do prostatic neoplasias typically metastasize?

A

regional lymph nodes, lung, and pelvic bones

95
Q

What is the gross appearance of prostatic neoplasia?

A

prostate is asummetrically enlarged, firm, and may be adhered to other pelvic structures

96
Q

What is prostatitis caused by?

A

infectious agents usually from an ascending urethral infeection

97
Q

What are some common infectious agents that cause prostatitis?

A

E. coli, Proteus spp., Mycoplasma spp., Staphhylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Brucella canis

98
Q

What is the gross appearance of prostatitis?

A

multifocal, focal, or diffuse; swollen, congested and edematous, suppurative exudate, abscesses

99
Q

What is the gross appearance of chronic prostatitis?

A

irregular shaped prostate with abscesses, fibrosis, lumphocytes, and plasma cells

100
Q

What are the types of diesases of the penis and the prepuce?

A

developmental abnormalitis, hemorrhage and hematoma, inflammation, and neoplasia

101
Q

What is the most common penile abnormality?

A

persistent frenulum

102
Q

What is a persisitent fenulum?

A

a band of connective tissue that extends form the ventral surface of the penis to the prepuse

103
Q

What does persistent frenulum cause?

A

abnormal deviation of the penis

104
Q

What species is persistent frenulum seen in?

A

bulls and boars

105
Q

What are hypospadias?

A

abnormal opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis; most common in rams

106
Q

What are epispadias?

A

abnormal opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis

107
Q

What do hypospadias and epispadias cause?

A

urinary obstruction and interference with normal insemination

108
Q

What is phimosis?

A

narrowing of the preputial orifice so that protrusion of the penis is prevented; common in dogs and cats; thought ot be a congenital anomaly

109
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

inability to retract the penis into the prepuse- trauma to the penis is the most common cause

110
Q

What do penile hemorrhages and hematomas occur due to?

A

traumatic damage in the breeding season; common in bulls and rams; mild lesions may spontaneously heal

111
Q

What can severe damage to the penis cause?

A

granulation tissue formation or adhesions of the penis to the prepuse which can prevent extension

112
Q

What happens if a hematoma in the penis becomes infected?

A

it can result in penile abscess formation

113
Q

What is penile inflammatino called?

A

phallitis

114
Q

What is inflammation of the glans penis called?

A

balanitis

115
Q

What is inflammation of the prepuse caled?

A

posthitis

116
Q

If the penis and prepuse are both inflamed, what is it called?

A

balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis

117
Q

What can cause inflammation to the penis or prepuse?

A

foreign bodies, trauma, and infections

118
Q

What can retention of urine or smegma in dogs and horses cause?

A

balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis

119
Q

What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the bull?

A

bovine herpes virus type 1, Trichomonas, Campylobacter

120
Q

What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the dog?

A

canine herpes virus

121
Q

What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the stallion?

A

equine herpes virus type 3, larvae of habronema

122
Q

What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the ram?

A

Corynebacterium renale, pox virus

123
Q

What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the boar?

A

porcine herpes virus type 1

124
Q

What penile neoplasms do stallions get?

A

squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma

125
Q

What penile neoplasms do bulls get?

A

fibropapilloma

126
Q

What penile neoplasms do dogs get?

A

transmissible venereal tumor, squamous cell carcinoma

127
Q

What penile neoplasms do boars get?

A

transmissible genital papilloma

128
Q

What is the most common penile neoplasm in stallions and geldings?

A

squamous cell carcinomas

129
Q

What is the biologic behavior of squamous cell carcinomas?

A

tends to be locally infiltrative, destructive, and may metastasize to regional lymph nodes

130
Q

What is the gross appearance of squamous cell carcinomas in stallions?

A

the penis is enlarged and focally necrotic and ulcerated

131
Q

What are fibropapillomas caused by in bulls?

A

bovine papillomavirus type 2

132
Q

What population do fibropapillomas affect?

A

young animals, usually in their first breeding season

133
Q

Grossly, what do penile fibropapillomas look like?

A

single or multiple wart-like growths with a fibrous core; lesions are self-limiting

134
Q

How are transmissibel venereal tumors transmitted in dogs?

A

via coitis; neoplastic cells are transplanted and grow like a graft

135
Q

What is the biologic behavior of transmissible venereal tumors?

A

they are typically benign with spontaneous regression

136
Q

<p>What is the gross appearance of transmissible venereal tumors?</p>

A

<p>they are single to multile spherical, raised lesions on the penis; usually does not effect the prepuce</p>

137
Q

Feminization occurs with ____ of Sertoli cell tumors and ___ of Leydig cell tumors.

A

19%; 5%

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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