Unit 4 - Male Repro Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
True or false: The scrotum is entirely closed off from the peritoneal cavity so no fluid can enter.
A
False - fluid from the peritoneal cavity can enter the scrotum via the inguinal canal
2
Q
What is the function of the scrotum?
A
to aid in temperature regulation of the testes
3
Q
How does the scrotum aid in temperature regulation of the testes?
A
thin scrotal skin, minimal subcutaneous fat and connective tissue, and abundant sweat glands
4
Q
What can inflammation of the scrotum result in?
A
increased temperature of the testes which can cause testicular degeneration and fertility issues
5
Q
What does the delicacy of scrotal skin make it vulnerable to?
A
insults
6
Q
What can scrotal lesions be caused by?
A
trauma, frostbite, environmental irritants, pathogens, and neoplasms
7
Q
What pathogens can cause scrotal lesions in bulls?
A
Dermatophilus congolensis and Besnoitia besnoiti
8
Q
What pathogens can cause scrotal lesions in rams?
A
Chorioptes bovis
9
Q
What neoplasms can cause scrotal lesions?
A
mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, and equine sarcoid
10
Q
What will happen if the temperature of the testes are at or above body temperature?
A
the seminiferous epithelium will degenerate
11
Q
What mechanisms are used for cooling the testes?
A
thin scrotal skin with little to no subcutaneous fat and abundant sweat glands and pampiniform plexus
12
Q
How does scrotal inflammation lead to infertility?
A
Inflammation causes increased temperature which causes degeneration of sertoli cells and spermatagonia which causes testicular atrophy which causes infertility
13
Q
What is located in the seminiferous tubules?
A
sertoli cells and spermatogonia
14
Q
What is located in the interstitium?
A
leydig cells, blood vessels, lymphatics, and macrophages
15
Q
What could a smaller than normal testicles indicate?
A
cryptorchidism, hypoplasia, testicular atrophy/degeneration, or segmental aplasia of the epididymis
16
Q
What are the common causes of an increased testicle size?
A
epididymitis/spermatic granulomas, orchitis, periorchitis, and testicular neoplasia
17
Q
What are some non common causes of increased testicle size?
A
congenital cysts, vericocele, torsion, inguinal hernias, or scrotal lymphadenopathy
18
Q
What is another name for incomplete testicular descent?
A
cryptorchidism
19
Q
In what species is cryptorchidism a common developmental anamoly in?
A
dogs and cats
20
Q
How does cryptorchidism happen?
A
the testes should both descent shortly after birth but instead one or both remain in the abdominal cavity
21
Q
What causes cryptorchidism in dogs and what should be done?
A
it is an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance so affected animals should be castrated
22
Q
What is the most common form of cryptorchidism in dogs?
A
right unilateral cryptorchidism but it can be bilateral as well
23
Q
What are the consequences of cryptorchidism?
A
retained teste is usually hypoplasic and sperm quality is low, retained teste is more likely to develop neoplasia at an earlier age, and the retained teste is predisposed to torsion
24
Q
What can cause testicular hypoplasia?
A
cryptorchidism, poor nutrition, zinc deficiency, endocrine and genetic abnormalities, or specific genes in swedish red and white cattle
25
Grossly what does a hypoplastic testicle look like?
they are small (both the testicle and the epididymis), have a softer consistency, oval shape andsmooth surface
26
What does testicular atrophy refer to?
refers to testes that had reached a normal size at puberty and are no reduced in size
27
What can cause testicular atrophy?
old age, increased testicular temperature, nutritional disorders, hormones, viral infections, radiation, and chemotherapy
28
What does testicular atrophy look like grossly?
they appear small, firm with smooth surfaces and many tumes they contain areas of fibrosis and mineralization
29
What is epididymitis?
inflammation of the epididymis due to continuous infection
30
What are the two inflammatory lesions recognized in the epididymis?
spermatic granuloma and epididymitis
31
What is a spermatic granuloma characterized by?
severe granulomatous inflammation
32
What does inflammation in a spermatic granuloma follow?
exposure of spermatozoa to the interstitium
33
True or False: Spermatic granulomas of the epididymal tail is not an infectious condition.
False - spermatic granuloma of the epididymal HEAD is not an infectious condition
34
What do spermatic granulomas look like microscopically?
there are accumulations of spermatozoa and macrophages within tubules and/or in the adjacent interstitium
35
What is the pathogenesis of spermatic granuloma formation?
1. disruption of flow of spermatozoa 2. spermatostasis 3. dilation of ducts with formation of a spermatocele 4. rupture and release of spermatozoa into the epididymal interstitium 5. Spermatozoa are recognized as foreign antigens by the immune system 6. recruitment of macrophages to the site of rupture 7. granuloma formation 8. leads to infertility due to obstruction 9. back pressure can lead to testicular atrophy
36
What can cause epididymitis?
trauma, infectious, or spread of inflammation from surrounding tissues
37
What are routes of infection that cause epididymitis?
ascending (from accessory glands or urinary tract), extension from adjacent tissues, hematogenous, or penetrating wound
38
What species is epididymitis important in?
rams and dogs
39
Where does epididymitis typically occur?
at the tail of the epididymis and it is typically unilateral
40
What is the gross appearance of acute epididymitis?
enlarged, swollen, and soft epididymis with hyperemia, edema, and fibrinosuppurative exudate
41
What is the gross appearance of chronic epididymitis?
enlarged and firm epididymis, spermatic granuloma, testicular atrophy/degeneration, periorchitis with fibrinous/fibrous adhesion, ulcerated scrotum due to self trauma, and scrotal fistulas
42
What is orchitis?
inflammation of the testicle
43
What does orchitis result from?
extension of inflammation from the epididymis, so orchitis and epididumitis often occur together
44
Primary orchitis is usually _______.
hematogenous
45
What are some important infectious causes of orchitis?
Brucella abortus, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Brucella suis
46
Grossly what does orchitis look like?
the affected testicle is enlarged and contains multifocal to diffuse areas of soft friable material when cut
47
How does orchitis cause infertility/sterility?
1. damage by inflammatory cells, increased temperature, pressure from edema +/- bacterial toxins 2. Exudate from affected testicle in the ejaculate 3. Blockage of excretory ducts 4. Antisperm antibodies
48
What is periorchitis?
inflammation of the vaginal tunics
49
What does periorchitis result from?
extension of orchitis and/or epididymitis, extension of peritonitis into the scrotal cavity, or trauma/penetrating wound
50
Grossly what does periorchitis look like?
the effected peritesticular tunics are thickened, opaque with variable inflammatory exudate on the surface - if chronic there may be fibrous adhesions
51
What are primary testicular tumors common in?
older dogs and may be seen in aged bulls
52
True or False: Combinations of more than 1 tumor type are common in dogs
true - and they occur in up to 25% of canine testicular neoplasms
53
The vast majority of testicular neoplasms are _____ and _____.
benign; curative
54
If an animal is cryptorchid, what risk do they have of developing sertoli cell tumors?
26 fold greater risk
55
If an animal is cryptorchid, what risk do they have of developing seminomas?
15 fold greater risk
56
What are interstitial (leydig) cell tumors common in?
dog, cat, and bull
57
What do interstitial cell tumors originate from?
Leydig cells
58
What is the gross appearance of interstitial (leydig) cell tumors?
well-demarcated, spherical, usually less than a cm, slow growing, tan to yello to orange on cut surface often with hemorrhage
59
What is the biologic behavior of interstitial (leydig) cell tumors?
non-functional, the majority are benign
60
What is a seminoma a neoplasm of?
germ cells
61
Characterize a seminoma.
unilateral or bilateral, solitary or multiple, and locally invasive, larger than interstitial cell tumor,
62
What do seminomas look like grossly?
bulg on cut surface, lobulated, white to gray and firm
63
What is the biologic behavior of seminomas?
typically benign, 6-11% metastasize, non-functional
64
Sertoli cell tumors are the ___ most common in dogs, ____ in other species/
third, rare
65
What is the gross appearance of sertoli cell tumors?
multilobulated, large, with abundant fibrous connective tissue, firm, ad white
66
What is the biological behavior of sertoli cell tumors?
they are typically benign, and about 1/3 are functional
67
What do the functional sertoli cell tumors cause?
reduced libido, gynecomastica, bilateral symmetric alopecia, and myelotoxicity
68
What are side effects/clinical signs associated with feminization?
increased amounts of estrogens, bilateral symmetrical alopecia, gynacomastica, pendulous prepuce, atrophy of contralateral testicle, bone marrow suppression, attractiveness to other male dogs, and squamous metaplasia of prostatic urethra and epithelium
69
What is the role of accessory genital glands?
to provide nutrition and transport medium to spermatozoa
70
What is the only animal that develops prostatic disease with any frequency?
the dog
71
What clinical signs are associated with prostatic disease in dogs?
tenesmus, constipation, ribbon-shaped stools, hematuria, preputial discharge
72
Grossly what does prostatic disease look like?
increased size (symmetrical or asymmetrical) +/- cysts
73
What disease cause prostatomegaly?
hyperplasia, neoplasia, and inflammation
74
What is the main cause of symmetrical prostatomegaly?
hyperplasia
75
What are the types of prostatic hyperplasia?
benign and squamous
76
What are the causes of asymmetrical prostatomegaly?
neoplasia or inflammation
77
What population is prostatic hyperplasia common in?
aged, intact male dogs
78
Prostatic hyperplasia is an ___ and ____ dependent conditon?
age and testosterone
79
What will cause regression of prostatic hyperplasia?
neutering
80
What is the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
1. imbalance of testosterone and estrogen 2. the number and sensitivity of androgen receptors are increased in prostate in response to increased ratio of estrogen 3. results in a relative increase in testosterone activity 4. triggers factors which result in hyperplasia
81
What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like grossly?
the prostate is symmetrically enlarged and may have cysts
82
If there are identifiable cysts and the prostate is hyperplastic what is it called?
cystic hyperplasia
83
What does benign prostatic hyperplasia look like microscopically?
there is an increase in the number and size of acini; +/- papillary folds, epithelial cells remain tall columnar
84
What population of dogs does squamous metaplasia occur in?
intact male dogs
85
Squamous prostatic metaplasia is an _____ dependent condition?
estrogen
86
Squamous metaplasia occurs in dogs that develop _____ ____ ___ that is hormonally active and producing estrogen?
sertoli cell tumor
87
What is the gross appearance of prostatic squamous metaplasia?
the prostate is symmetrically enlarged and may or may not have cysts
88
What does prostatic squamous metaplasia look like microscopically?
glandular acini are lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium
89
What clinical signs are associated with prostatic neoplasia?
anorexia, weight loss, hematuria, stranguria, tenesmus, and rear limb weakness
90
What age and population does prostatic neoplasia typically affect?
aged (mean age is 10) intact and neutered males (dogs, rare in cats)
91
Do intact or neutered males have a higher risk of developing prostatic neoplasia?
neutered males have an equal or greater risk of developing a prostatic umor
92
What are the types of prostatic neoplasia?
uroepithelial origin (TCC of the prostatic urethra), prostate epithelial origin (adenocarcinoma of the prostate), or mixed carcinoma
93
What is the biologic behavior of prostatic neoplasia?
tumors are locally invasive and will metastasize
94
Where do prostatic neoplasias typically metastasize?
regional lymph nodes, lung, and pelvic bones
95
What is the gross appearance of prostatic neoplasia?
prostate is asummetrically enlarged, firm, and may be adhered to other pelvic structures
96
What is prostatitis caused by?
infectious agents usually from an ascending urethral infeection
97
What are some common infectious agents that cause prostatitis?
E. coli, Proteus spp., Mycoplasma spp., Staphhylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Brucella canis
98
What is the gross appearance of prostatitis?
multifocal, focal, or diffuse; swollen, congested and edematous, suppurative exudate, abscesses
99
What is the gross appearance of chronic prostatitis?
irregular shaped prostate with abscesses, fibrosis, lumphocytes, and plasma cells
100
What are the types of diesases of the penis and the prepuce?
developmental abnormalitis, hemorrhage and hematoma, inflammation, and neoplasia
101
What is the most common penile abnormality?
persistent frenulum
102
What is a persisitent fenulum?
a band of connective tissue that extends form the ventral surface of the penis to the prepuse
103
What does persistent frenulum cause?
abnormal deviation of the penis
104
What species is persistent frenulum seen in?
bulls and boars
105
What are hypospadias?
abnormal opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis; most common in rams
106
What are epispadias?
abnormal opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis
107
What do hypospadias and epispadias cause?
urinary obstruction and interference with normal insemination
108
What is phimosis?
narrowing of the preputial orifice so that protrusion of the penis is prevented; common in dogs and cats; thought ot be a congenital anomaly
109
What is paraphimosis?
inability to retract the penis into the prepuse- trauma to the penis is the most common cause
110
What do penile hemorrhages and hematomas occur due to?
traumatic damage in the breeding season; common in bulls and rams; mild lesions may spontaneously heal
111
What can severe damage to the penis cause?
granulation tissue formation or adhesions of the penis to the prepuse which can prevent extension
112
What happens if a hematoma in the penis becomes infected?
it can result in penile abscess formation
113
What is penile inflammatino called?
phallitis
114
What is inflammation of the glans penis called?
balanitis
115
What is inflammation of the prepuse caled?
posthitis
116
If the penis and prepuse are both inflamed, what is it called?
balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis
117
What can cause inflammation to the penis or prepuse?
foreign bodies, trauma, and infections
118
What can retention of urine or smegma in dogs and horses cause?
balanoposthitis or phaloposthitis
119
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the bull?
bovine herpes virus type 1, Trichomonas, Campylobacter
120
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the dog?
canine herpes virus
121
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the stallion?
equine herpes virus type 3, larvae of habronema
122
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the ram?
Corynebacterium renale, pox virus
123
What are the infectious causes of balanoposthitis in the boar?
porcine herpes virus type 1
124
What penile neoplasms do stallions get?
squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma
125
What penile neoplasms do bulls get?
fibropapilloma
126
What penile neoplasms do dogs get?
transmissible venereal tumor, squamous cell carcinoma
127
What penile neoplasms do boars get?
transmissible genital papilloma
128
What is the most common penile neoplasm in stallions and geldings?
squamous cell carcinomas
129
What is the biologic behavior of squamous cell carcinomas?
tends to be locally infiltrative, destructive, and may metastasize to regional lymph nodes
130
What is the gross appearance of squamous cell carcinomas in stallions?
the penis is enlarged and focally necrotic and ulcerated
131
What are fibropapillomas caused by in bulls?
bovine papillomavirus type 2
132
What population do fibropapillomas affect?
young animals, usually in their first breeding season
133
Grossly, what do penile fibropapillomas look like?
single or multiple wart-like growths with a fibrous core; lesions are self-limiting
134
How are transmissibel venereal tumors transmitted in dogs?
via coitis; neoplastic cells are transplanted and grow like a graft
135
What is the biologic behavior of transmissible venereal tumors?
they are typically benign with spontaneous regression
136
What is the gross appearance of transmissible venereal tumors?
they are single to multile spherical, raised lesions on the penis; usually does not effect the prepuce
137
Feminization occurs with ____ of Sertoli cell tumors and ___ of Leydig cell tumors.
19%; 5%
