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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Unit 4 - Female Repro 2 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Female Repro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do animals with disorders of sexual differentiation generally present?

A

for infertility or evaluation of ambiguous genitalia

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2
Q

What is hydrosalpinx?

A

when the oviduct is distended by watery fluid

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3
Q

What is hydrosalpinx caused by?

A

a combination of secretory activity of the oviduct and blockage of the oviduct

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4
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

inflammation of the oviduct most commonly secondary to endometritis or peritonitis

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5
Q

What is pyosalpinx?

A

pus-filled oviduct

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6
Q

What are the consequences of hydrosalpinx, salpingitis, and pyosalpinx?

A

decreased fertility if unilateral, infertility if bilateral, or permanent infertility if severe inflammation

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7
Q

What is uterine torsion associated with?

A

pregnancy, pyometra, and hydrometra

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8
Q

What species is uterine torsion most common in?

A

cattle - more common in pluriparous couse where the broad ligament is looser and longer

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9
Q

What can greater than 180 uterine torsion lead to?

A

dystocia or circulatory obstruction leading to fetal death

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10
Q

What is another term for uterine displacement?

A

prolapse

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11
Q

What are the causes of uterine displacement?

A

prolonged dystocia with mechanical traction, retained placenta, or postparturient hypocalcemia

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12
Q

What are the causes of hydrometra/mucometras?

A

hormone-mediated increased uterine secretion (ovarian cysts, ovarian tumors, pseudopregnancy) or fluid cannot drain from the uterus (closed cervix; obstruction in the uterus, cervix, or vagina)

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13
Q

In hydrometras, what is the uterus distended with?

A

watery fluid

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14
Q

In mucometras, what is the uterus distended with?

A

mucus

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15
Q

What is uterine inflammation most commonly associated with?

A

estrus and pregnancy

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16
Q

What factors increase the risk of uterine infection?

A

abortion, retained fetus(s), retained placenta, twin births, dystocia, trauma to the canal during birth, and cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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17
Q

What is endometritis?

A

inflammation of the uterus limited to the endometrium

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18
Q

What is metritis?

A

inflammation of the entire uterine wall

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19
Q

What is perimetritis?

A

inflammation of the uterine serosa

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20
Q

What is pyometra?

A

suppurative inflammation of the uterus with an accumulation of pus distending the uterine lumen

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21
Q

What are the common routes of uterine infection?

A

via the cervix or maternal blood stream

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22
Q

When does placental subinvolution most commonly occur?

A

in young bitches after whelping their first litter

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23
Q

How do animals with placental subinvolutioin present?

A

with excessive or prolonged sanguinous vulvular discharge 4 weeks postpartum

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24
Q

What does placental subinvolution look like grossly?

A

the uterus may contain several large nodules representing slow involution of normal maternal placental sites

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25
Q

What clinical signs are associated with subinvolution?

A

no fever, no depression, wbc are normal, may be anemic, primarily cellular debris and rbc’s in the discharge

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26
Q

What clinical signs are associated with metritis?

A

fever, depression, wbc are elevated, rbc are normal, purulent discharge

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27
Q

What typical lab results are associated with canine pyometra?

A

inflammatory leukogram, hyperproteinemia, PU/PD, proteinuria

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28
Q

What species does pyometra most commonly occur in?

A

the cow, bitch, cat, and mare

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29
Q

What makes a mare a candidate for endometrial biopsy as part of a breeding soundness exam?

A

mares that have difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a foal to term

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30
Q

What is uterine hyperplasia mediated by>

A

hormone

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31
Q

What specifically causes uterine hyperplasia?

A

progesterone causes physiologic endometrial hyperplasia with subsequent atrophy during anestrus

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32
Q

What is uterine hyperplasia initiated by in ruminants?

A

excessive or prolonged hormonal stimulation (ovarian tumors, estrogenic plants, ovarian cysts)

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33
Q

What age is canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia common in?

A

older (>6 years)

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34
Q

What causes canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

repeated estrogen priming causing prolonged progesterone stimulation

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35
Q

What is a common sequela to cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

pyometra - progesterone makes the uterus more susceptible to infection

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36
Q

What are the types of uterine neoplasias?

A

epithelial, smooth muscle, or multicentric

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37
Q

What species commonly get epithelial uterine neoplasia?

A

rabbits

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38
Q

What does epithelial uterine neoplasia arise from?

A

the endometrium and endometrial glands

39
Q

What type of epithelial uterine neoplasia do rabbits typically get?

A

adenocarcinoma

40
Q

What type of smooth muscle neoplasias are found in the uterus?

A

leiomyoma and leiomyosarcomas

41
Q

What is vulvar edema a normal response to?

A

estrogen

42
Q

What can cause vulvar edema in swine?

A

feed containing the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone

43
Q

What is vaginal hyperplasia a response to?

A

it is an exaggerated response of the vaginal mucosa to estrogen

44
Q

Does vaginal hyperplasia resolve itself?

A

yes spontaneously during diestrus

45
Q

What is vaginitis?

A

inflammation of the vagina

46
Q

What gross changes are associated with vaginal inflammation?

A

mucosal surface is reddened and there may be vulvular discharge

47
Q

What are the viral potential causes of vaginitis in cows?

A

bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis)

48
Q

What are the viral potential causes of vaginitis in horses?

A

equine herpesvirus 3 (coital exanthema)

49
Q

What are the bacterial causes of vaginitis?

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis and Taylorella equigenitalis

50
Q

What is a protozoal cause of vaginitis?

A

Tritrichomonas fetus

51
Q

What are some examples of vaginal/vulvar neoplasias that arise from the surface epithelium?

A

fibropapillomas and squamous cell carcinomas

52
Q

What is the biological behavior of vaginal/vulvar squamous cell carcinomas?

A

they are locally invasive and may metastasize in the course of disease

53
Q

What smooth muscle tumors are found in the vagina/vulva and in what species?

A

leiomyoma in older bitches

54
Q

What is TVT?

A

canine transmissible venereal tumor

55
Q

What clinical signs are associated with TVT?

A

bulging of the perineal region, dysuria, pollakiuria, and bulging of the tumor through the vulva

56
Q

Where are TVTs located?

A

vagina, vulva, and nasal mucosa

57
Q

How are TVTs transmitted?

A

they are transmitted to the external genitalia during mating

58
Q

What is the behavior of TVTs in healthy, immuno-competent, adult dogs?

A

the tumor regresses simultaneously

59
Q

How do you diagnose TVTs?

A

by exfoliative cytology or histopath

60
Q

What species is twinning desirable in?

A

sheep and goats

61
Q

What species is twinning undesirable in?

A

horses and cattle

62
Q

How does the fetus react to injury?

A

early embryonic death and resorption, fetal mummification, fetal maceration, fetal emphysema, fetal edema, fetal anomalies, stillbirth, and abortion

63
Q

When is the greatest risk of fetal loss?

A

during the first trimester

64
Q

How does early embryonic death appear clinically?

A

as infertility - with either regular or delayed return to estrus

65
Q

What are fetal causes for early embryonic death?

A

genetic or infectious

66
Q

In what species is fetal mummification the most common in?

A

swine

67
Q

What are the requirements for fetal mummification?

A

fetal death after bones have formed, fetal death without luteolysis, and a bacteria-free environment

68
Q

What is the process of fetal mummification?

A
  1. fetal death 2. autolysis 3. fluid resorption in a bacteria-free environment 4. mummy
69
Q

What are the fetal causes of fetal mummification?

A

infectious and inadequate space

70
Q

What are the requirements for fetal maceration?

A

fetal death after bones have formed, retention of fetus, and a non-sterile environment

71
Q

What is the process of fetal maceration?

A
  1. fetal death 2. non-sterile environment 3. bacterial digestion of fetal tissues 4. macerated fetus
72
Q

What are the common sequela to fetal maceration?

A

metritis, endometritis, pyometra

73
Q

What are the requirements for fetal emphysema?

A

in utero death plus gas producing bacteria

74
Q

What are the causes of fetal emphysema?

A

maternal bacteremia and in utero death

75
Q

What is abortion?

A

expulsion of a fetus prior to the time of expected viability

76
Q

What is a still birth?

A

delivery of a dead fetus at a stage of gestation which it could have been viable - the lungs are not inflated

77
Q

How do you know a fetal death is prepartum?

A

the lungs are not inflated and sink in formalin and there is mucoid fluid in the stomach

78
Q

How do you know a fetal death was during parturition?

A

there is edema of the head, one or more forelimbs, the tail, tongue, or perineum, partial lung aeration, abdominal hemorrhage from liver rupture

79
Q

How do you know a fetal death was post partum?

A

aerated lung, air or milk in stomach, evidence of muscle movement, and hoof ware

80
Q

What are the types of placentas?

A

diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary, and discoid

81
Q

What is the structure of a diffuse placenta?

A

nearly the entire surface of the allantochorion is involved in the formation of the placenta

82
Q

What species have a diffuse placenta?

A

horses and pigs

83
Q

What is the structure of a cotyledonary placenta?

A

multople discrete areas of attachment called cotyledons

84
Q

What structures are on the fetal portion of a cotyledonary placenta?

A

cotyledons

85
Q

What structures are on the maternal contact sites of a cotyledonary placenta?

A

caruncles

86
Q

What is the cotyledon-caruncle complex called?

A

a placentome

87
Q

What species have cotyledonary placentas?

A

ruminants

88
Q

What is the structure of a zonary placenta?

A

the exchange placenta forms a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus

89
Q

What species have zonary placentas?

A

dogs and cats

90
Q

What is the structure of a discoid placenta?

A

the exchange placenta is discoid in shapw

91
Q

What species have discoid placentas?

A

primates and rodens

92
Q

What is the amnion?

A

the fluid filled sac around the fetus

93
Q

What is chorioallantois?

A

the site of attachment to the maternal placenta and exchange with uterus

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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