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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Pathology of Muscles and Tendons > Flashcards

Pathology of Muscles and Tendons Flashcards

1
Q

What cells is muscle made up of?

A

mycocytes and satellite cells

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2
Q

What are satellite cells important in?

A

healing muscle cells and adjacent bone fracture

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3
Q

What type of cells are myocytes (I am not asking where they belong)?

A

multinucleated cells

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4
Q

What does development of a myocyte require?

A

motor innervation

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of myocytes based on innervation?

A

red (type 1), white (type 2A), intermediate (type 2b)

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6
Q

Where are satellite cells located?

A

adjacent to myocytes inside the basal lamina

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7
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the myocyte plasma membrane

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8
Q

What is the role of the T-tubules and where are they located?

A

they are an invagination of the sarcolemma and are specialized for depolarization

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9
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

the myocyte cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

filaments that attach to each other during muscle contraction

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11
Q

What are the types of myofilaments?

A

myosin II filaments and actin filaments

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12
Q

Myosin II filaments are known as ________ filaments.

A

thick

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13
Q

Actin filaments are known as ______ filaments.

A

thin

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14
Q

Where are myosin filaments anchored?

A

at the M line

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15
Q

Where are actin filaments anchored?

A

at Z disk

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16
Q

What makes actin filaments Ca regulated?

A

troponin and tropomysin

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17
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

the basic contractile unit of the monocyte

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18
Q

What is the sarcomere composed of?

A

myofilaments

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19
Q

What does the sarcomere extend from?

A

z disk to z disk

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20
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

a linear string of sarcomeres that runs the length of the myocyte

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21
Q

Explain the excitation -contraction coupling reaction.

A
  1. nerve impulse 2. wave of depolarization on plasma membrane 3. T-tubule/SR release Ca into the sarcoplasm 4. Ca binds to Tr-Trpm-actin 5. confoormation change 6.actin ratchets up on myosin filaments 7. contraction (ATP dependant) 8. Ca pumbed back into SR (ATP) 9. Relaxation
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22
Q

Describe skeletal muscle hypoplasia.

A

there are small poorly-differentiated myocytes due to loss of motor innervation during development

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23
Q

Describe skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

A

increase in muscle mass due to increase in sarcomeres

24
Q

What usually is the cause for skeletal muscle hypertrophy?

A

increased work load

25
Q

Describe skeletal muscle atrophy.

A

decrease mass due to fewer and shorter myofilaments

26
Q

What is the cause of skeletal muscle atrophy?

A

decrease in work load or loss of motor innervation

27
Q

What exudate types are associated with inflammation of skeletal muscles?

A

serous, fubrinous, purulent, granulomatous

28
Q

What is inflammation in skeletal muscles frequently due to?

A

infectious agents such as bacteria, protozoa, nematode and cestode larvae

29
Q

What is degeneration of skeletal muscles?

A

only a segment of the myocyte is effected

30
Q

What is necrosis of skeletal muscle?

A

the entire myocyte is effected

31
Q

What lesions are associated with skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis?

A

diffuse paleness or pale streaks, swollen, hyalinized, fragmented sarcoplasm, mineralization of the sarcoplasm, and myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria

32
Q

What can cause skeletal muscle degeneration/necrosis?

A

ischemia, bacterial toxins, and associated hydrolytic enzymes, and increased intra-sarcoplasmic [Ca]

33
Q

What can cause an increase in intra-sarcoplasmic [Ca]?

A

membrane damage, dysregulation of Ca gating, coagulation of the sarcoplasm

34
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

inherited progressive myodegeneration and myonecrosis

35
Q

What causes muscular dystrophy?

A

a defective dystrophin gene

36
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

an inherited defect in Ca-gating regulation leading to an uncontrolled release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

What lesions does malignant hyperthermia cause?

A

acute myodegeneration and myonecrosis

38
Q

What triggers episodes of malignant hyperthermia?

A

stress and halothane

39
Q

What is an example of neuromuscular dysregulation?

A

myasthenia gravis

40
Q

What is acquired myasthenia gravis?

A

an autoimmune disease that destroys the acetylcholine receptors on the myocyte and myoneural jjunction

41
Q

What is inherited myasthenia gravis?

A

an patient is born with an inadequate number of acetylcholine receptors on the myocyte

42
Q

What is skeletal muscle segmental regeneration?

A

degenerated segments of skeletal muscle are removed by macrophaes and replaced by satellite cells

43
Q

What is skeletal muscle fibrosis due to?

A

significant inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage

44
Q

What is osseous metaplasia of skeletal muscle?

A

woven bone production

45
Q

What is osseous metaplasia secondary to?

A

hemorrhage

46
Q

What neoplasias occur in skeletal muscles?

A

rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrossarcoma, and infiltrating lipomas

47
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

they are the origins and insertions of muscles

48
Q

What are tendons composed of?

A

type I collagen

49
Q

What lesions are associated with tendons?

A

contracted tendons, traumatic tear/rupture, tendinopathy, and tenosynovitis

50
Q

What are contracted tendons?

A

a congenital defect frequently associated with in utero neuromuscular maldevelopment

51
Q

What results as traumatic tear/rupture to the tendons?

A

hemorrhage

52
Q

How does traumatic tear/rupture heal?

A

via fibrosis - it is replaced with type III collagen

53
Q

What is tendinopathy?

A

abnormality in extracellular glycosaminoglycan

54
Q

What exudate is associated with tenosynovitis?

A

serous to fibrinopurulent exudate

55
Q

What can cause tenosynovitis?

A

trauma and bacterial infections

56
Q

If chronic, what can cause as a result of tenosynovitis?

A

adhesions

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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