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Anatomic Pathology 2 > Pathology of Endocrine System > Flashcards

Pathology of Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

to secrete product (hormone) into the blood stream

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2
Q

Generally, what is secretion in the endocrine system controlled by?

A

feedback mechanisms

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3
Q

What hormone types are excreted by the endocrine system?

A

protein and peptides, amino acid derivatives, and steroid and fatty acid derivatives

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4
Q

What do protein and peptide derivatives bind to?

A

target cell surface receptors

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5
Q

What parts of the endocrine system secrete protein and peptide hormones?

A

pituitary, parathyroid, C-cells, and islets of Langerhans

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6
Q

What parts of the endocrine system secrete amino acid derivatives?

A

adrenal medulla and thyroid

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7
Q

What do steroid and fatty acid derivative hormones bind to?

A

target cell cytoplasmic receptors

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8
Q

What part of the endocrine system secretes steroid and fatty acid derivative hormones?

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

What are some productive lesions of the endocrine organs?

A

hyperplasia and neoplasia

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10
Q

What are some destructive lesions of the endocrine organs?

A

hypoplasia, atrophy, inflammation, necrosis, amyloidosis, surgical misadventure, and neoplasia

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11
Q

When is hyperplasia of endocrine organs functional?

A

increased trophic stimulus

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12
Q

When is hyperplasia of endocrine organs nonfunctional?

A

aging

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13
Q

What is atrophy of endocrine organs caused by?

A

decrease in trophic stimulus, inflammation, and necrosis

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14
Q

Clinically significant endocrine disease is due to what?

A

an increase or a decrease in hormone function

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15
Q

What are the types of hyperfunction?

A

primary or secondary hyperfunction

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16
Q

What is primary hyperfunction?

A

uncontrolled increase in hormone production

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17
Q

What is secondary hyperfunction?

A

increase in hormone production due to increase in trophic stimulus

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18
Q

Hyperfunction causes what?

A

decreased breakdown, production of hormone-like molecules, and lactogenic/exogenous intake

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19
Q

What are the types of hypofunction?

A

primary and secondary

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20
Q

What is primary hypofunction?

A

decrease in hormone production due to destriction of a gland

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21
Q

What is secondary hypofunction?

A

decreased hormone production due to decrease in trophic stimulus

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22
Q

What are some lesions of endocrine diseases in non-endocrine tissues?

A

epidermal atrophy, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, hepatic lipidosis, soft tissue mineralization, artherosclerosis, muscle atrophy, cataract, and PU/PD

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23
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

the anterior pituitary

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24
Q

What is the adenohypophysis derived from?

A

oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

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25
Q

What are the parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia, amd pars tuberalis

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26
Q

What does the pars distalis produce?

A

acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes

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27
Q

What hormones are the acidophils?

A

GH, prolactin, ACTH

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28
Q

What hormones are the basophils?

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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29
Q

What hormones are chromophobes?

A

pro-opiomelanocortin which is cleaved into ACTH, MSH, and beta-endorphin)

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30
Q

What is the pars distalis stimulated by?

A

releasing factors from the hypothalamus

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31
Q

What is the pars distalis down regulated by?

A

increase in blood hormone from the target gland

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32
Q

Where is the pars intermedia located?

A

adjacent to the pars nervosa

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33
Q

What does the pars intermedia secrete?

A

chromophobes (POMC)

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34
Q

What is chromophobe secretion from the pars intermedia down regulated by?

A

an increase in dopamine

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35
Q

What does the pars tuberalis surround?

A

the hypophyseal stalk

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36
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

the posterior pituitary

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37
Q

What is the neurohypophysis derived from?

A

the neuroectoderm

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38
Q

What is the pars nervosa?

A

part of the neurohypophysis that contains axons from neurons in hypothalamic nuclei

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39
Q

What nuclei are in the pars nervosa?

A

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

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40
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus produce?

A

ADH

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41
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus produce?

A

oxytocin

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42
Q

What lesions are associated with the pituitary gland?

A

aplasia, hypoplasia, abscess, neoplasms of adenohypophysis

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43
Q

What are neoplasms of the adenohypophysis usually?

A

chromophobe; adenoma or carcinoma

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44
Q

Are neoplasms of the adenohyophysis functional or nonfunctional?

A

they can be both

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45
Q

What hormones are associated with functional neoplasms of the adenohyophysis?

A

ACTH and GH

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46
Q

What does increased ACTH due to a functional neoplasm of the adenohypophysis cause?

A

adrenal cortical hyperplasia which causes hypercortisolism

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47
Q

What does increased GH due to a functional neoplasm of the adenohyophysis cause?

A

gigantism, acromegaly, and refractory DM in cats

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48
Q

What generally do expansion neoplasms of the adenohypophysis cause?

A

compresses/destroys adjacent parenchyma

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49
Q

What hormones are associated with expansion neoplasms in adenohypophysis?

A

ADH and TSH

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50
Q

What does decreased ADH cause?

A

diabetes insipidus

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51
Q

What deos decreased TSH cause?

A

thyroid atrophy which leads to hypothyroidism

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52
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with the pituitary gland?

A

juvenile panhypopituitarism, equine chromophobe adenoma of Pars Intermedia/Pituitary Pars intermedia dysfunction, and canine chromophobe adenoma

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53
Q

What species does juvenile panhypopituitarism typically affect?

A

dogs - german shepards

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54
Q

What hormone changes are associated with panhypopituitarism?

A

decreased GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH

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55
Q

What lesions are associated with juvenile panhypopituitarism?

A

stunted, retained puppy hair coat

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56
Q

What hormone changes are associated with equine chromophobe adenoma of pars intermedia/pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction?

A

+/- increase in ACTH and or increase of POMC

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57
Q

When equine chromophobe adeonma of pars intermedia/pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction expands into the hypothalamus, what happens?

A

there is impaired ADH production

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58
Q

What lesions are associated with equine chromophobe adenoma of pars intermedia/pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction?

A

hirsutism, +/- adrenal cortical hyperplasia, hyperhidrosis, lethargy, and PU/PD

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59
Q

What type of neoplasm is canine chromophobe adenoma?

A

a functional one

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60
Q

What does canine chromophobe adenoma cause?

A

an increase in ACTH causing diffuse adrenal cortical hyperplasia

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61
Q

Canine chromophobe adenoma causes pituitary - ______ ________.

A

dependent hyperadrenocorticism

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62
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

bilobed or 2 glands

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63
Q

What are the follicles of the thyroid gland composed of and what do they produce?

A

follicular cells - colloid

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64
Q

What does iodinated colloid cause?

A

T3 and T4 (thyroxine)

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65
Q

What is the thyroid controlled by?

A

a feedback loop

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66
Q

What is the feedback loop of the thyroid gland?

A

decrease in T3/T4 to increased TSHrf and increased TSH to follicular hyperplasia and colloid production to increased T3 and T4

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67
Q

What is the thyroid composed of?

A

capsule, follicular cells, and C-cells

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68
Q

What is the capsule of the thyroid composed of?

A

reticular connective tissue

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69
Q

What are follicular cells composed of?

A

single layer cuboidal secetory epithelium and eosinophilic cytoplasm

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70
Q

What are C-cells?

A

parafollicular cells

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71
Q

Where are c-cells located?

A

they are polygonal cells between follicles

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72
Q

What do c-cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

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73
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

it decreases serum calcium

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74
Q

What lesions are associated with the thyroid gland?

A

atrophy, enlargement due to hyperplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia, nodular gitre, neoplasms, and lymphocytic thyroiditis

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75
Q

What is enlargement due to hyperplasia also called?

A

goiter

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76
Q

What is goiter caused by?

A

iodine deficiency due to goitrogenic plants and chemicals

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77
Q

What species does adenomatous hyperplasia effect?

A

old cats

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78
Q

What does adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid cause?

A

hyperthyroidism

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79
Q

What neoplasms are associated with the thyroid gland?

A

adenoma or carcinoma

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80
Q

What type of disease is lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

an autoimmune disease

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81
Q

What does lymphocytic thyroiditis result in?

A

atrophy which causes hypothyroidism

82
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with the thyroid gland?

A

hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

83
Q

What does dogs are lazy and cats are crazy refer to?

A

dogs get hypothyroidism (weight gain) and cats get hyperthyroidism (weight loss)

84
Q

What does hypothyroidism cause in the thyroid?

A

atrophy

85
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hypothyroidism?

A

BS alopecia, epidermal atrophy, myxedema, obesity, lethargy, arthersclerosis, and hypercholesterolemia

86
Q

What other animals does hypothyroidism affect?

A

horses, sheep, and goats

87
Q

What does hypothyroidism in horses, sheep, and goats cause?

A

hyperplastic goitre

88
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hypothyroidism in horses, sheep, and goats?

A

mandibular prognathism, BS alopecia, epidermal atrophy, and myxedema

89
Q

What does hyperthyroidism cause in cats?

A

adenomatous hyperplasia

90
Q

What clinical signs does hyperthyroidism cause in cats?

A

hyperactivits, hunger, tachycardia, hypertrophic CM

91
Q

What is hyperthyroidism known as in humans?

A

Grave’s disease

92
Q

What happens in Grave’s disease?

A

TSH receptor antibody which mimics TSH which causes hyperplasia

93
Q

What lesions are associateed with C-cells?

A

atrophy, hyperplasia, and neoplasia

94
Q

What does atrophy of C-cells happen in response to?

A

persistent hypocalcemia

95
Q

What does hyperplasia of C-cells happen in response to?

A

persistent hypercalcemia

96
Q

What neoplasm is associated with c-cells?

A

thyroid medulalry carcinoma

97
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

retroperitoneally, adjacent to the kidneys

98
Q

What are the regions of the adrenal gland?

A

cortex and medulla

99
Q

What is the capsule of the adrenal gland made up of?

A

reticular connective tissue

100
Q

What is the capsule of the adrenal gland adjacent to?

A

autonomic ganglia

101
Q

What is the cortex of the adrenal gland derived from?

A

cholesterol - mesoderm

102
Q

What are hormones are associated with the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens

103
Q

What is the medulla of the adrenal glands derived from?

A

catecholamines - neural crest

104
Q

What hormones are associated with the medulla of the adrenal glands?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

105
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis

106
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex is the superficial layer?

A

zona glomerulosa

107
Q

What is the histological structure of the zona glomerulosa?

A

columnar cells aligned in arching cords

108
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa do?

A

it produces aldosterone in response to angiotensin II which increases Na resorption and increases potassium excretion

109
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is the middle layer?

A

zona fasiculata

110
Q

What is the histological structure of the zona fasiculata?

A

columnar to polygonal cells with small vacuoles

111
Q

What is the function of zona fasiculata?

A

produces cortisol in the response to ACTH

112
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is the inner layer?

A

zona reticularis

113
Q

What is the histologial structure of zona reticularis?

A

polygonal cells with small vacuoles

114
Q

What does zona reticularis do?

A

produces androgens (and estrogens in some animals)

115
Q

What regulates the adrenal medulla?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

116
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine from preformed granules

117
Q

What cell types make up the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells and ganglion cells

118
Q

What is the structure of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

aligned in cords and clusters on fibrovascular stroma and sinusoids

119
Q

What do chromaffin cells contain?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine in preformed granules

120
Q

What is the function of ganglion cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

they receive sympathetic stimuli and cause chromaffin cells to degranulate

121
Q

What lesions are associated with the adrenal cortex?

A

diffuse atrophy, hyperplasia, adrenalitis, hemorrhage, necrosis, and neoplasms

122
Q

What is diffuse atrophy of the adrenal glands caused by?

A

decreased ACTH, glucocorticoids, OPDDD, secondary to Lc adrenalitis

123
Q

What is nodular adrenal cortex hyperplasia caused by?

A

incidental aging change

124
Q

What is diffuse adrenal cortex hyperplasia caused by?

A

increased ACTH or idiopathic

125
Q

What are the types of adrenalitis?

A

lymphocytic and granulomatous

126
Q

What is lymphocytic adrenalitis caused by?

A

autoimmune disease

127
Q

What is granulomatous adrenalitis caused by?

A

fungal or mycobacterial infection

128
Q

What is adrenal cortex hemmorhage caused by?

A

gram negative sepsis

129
Q

How does adrenal cortex necorosis present?

A

diffuse with hemorrhage

130
Q

What is multifocal adrenal cortex necrosis caused by?

A

neonatal herpesvirus infections

131
Q

What neoplasms are associated with the adrenal cortex?

A

adenoma and carcinoma

132
Q

What lesions are associated with the adrenal medulla?

A

neoplasms - pheochromocytoma

133
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with the adrenal glands?

A

canine hyperadrenocorticism, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypoadrenocorticism

134
Q

What is canine hyperadrenocorticism also known as?

A

Cushing’s like disease

135
Q

What causes canine hyperadrenocorticism?

A

increased cortisol or exogenous glucocorticoid

136
Q

What are different scenarios/types of canine hyperadrenocorticism?

A

functional chromophobe tumor, functional adrenal coertical tumor, idiopathicadrenal cortical hyperplasia, and lactogenic glucocorticoid excess

137
Q

What does functional chromophobe tummor in canine hyperadrenocorticism cause?

A

an increase in ACTH leading to diffuse adrenal cortical hyperplasia

138
Q

What does a functional adrenal cortical tumor in canine hyperadrenocorticism lead to?

A

increased cortisol causing a tumor plus diffuse adrenal cortical atrophy

139
Q

How does idiopathic adrenal cortical hyperplasia present?

A

diffuse adrenal cortical hyperplasia

140
Q

How does lactogenic glucocorticoid excess present?

A

diffuse adrenal cortical atrophy

141
Q

What lesions and clinical signs are associated with canine hyperadrenocorticism?

A

BS alopecia, epidermal atrophy, calcinosis cutis, pot belly, muscle atrophy, hepatomegaly with vacuolar degeneration, and PU/PD

142
Q

How does hyperadrenocorticism present in ferrets?

A

diffuse or nodular cortical hyperplasia; cortical adenoma

143
Q

What hormone changes are associated with hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets?

A

increased estrogen production

144
Q

What lesions and clinical signs are associated with hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets?

A

BS alopecia, epidermal atrophy, feminization, persisten estrus, and pancytopenia leading to hemorrhage

145
Q

What is another name for hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Addison’s like disease

146
Q

What is Addison’s like disease most common in?

A

dogs - rottweilers

147
Q

What lesions are associated with Addison’s like disease?

A

diffuse adrenal cortical atrophy leading to decreased mineralo and glucocorticoids

148
Q

What is Addison’s like disease secondary to?

A

adrenalitis or therapy

149
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Addison’s like disease?

A

collapse, dehydration, bradycardia, hyperkalemia and hyponatremia

150
Q

What are the islets of langerhans?

A

multicell clusters scattered throughout the pancreas

151
Q

What is the histologic presentation of islets of langerhans?

A

cuboidal to columnar cells; pale cytoplasm

152
Q

What cell types make up the Islets of Langerhans?

A

alpha cells, beta cells, gamma cells, G cells and PP cells

153
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon which increases blood glucose

154
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin to decrease blood glucose and IAPP which slows gastric emptying and promotes satiety

155
Q

What do gamma cells secrete?

A

somatostatin which is an antagonist to GH

156
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin which increases HCL secretion in the stomach

157
Q

What do PP cells secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

158
Q

What lesions are associated with Islets of Langerhans?

A

atrophy/loss, vacuolation, lymphocytic isleitis, neoplasms

159
Q

What is atrophy/loss of Islets of Langerhans?

A

loss of islets due to inflammation

160
Q

What is vacuolation of the Islets of Langerhans associated with?

A

diabetes

161
Q

What is lymphocytic isletitis associated with?

A

inflammation

162
Q

What species is islet amyloidosis seen in?

A

cats and primates

163
Q

What neoplasms are associated with Islets of Langerhans?

A

adenoma and carcinoma

164
Q

What are the differenttypes of diabetes mellitus?

A

type I and type II

165
Q

What causes type I diabetes mellitus?

A

overt insuline deficiency

166
Q

What species does type I diabetes mellitus manifest in?

A

dogs

167
Q

What occurs to the pancreas in type I diabetes mellitus?

A

autoimmune isletitis and chornic pancreatitis

168
Q

What causes type II diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin antagonism with or without impaired secretion

169
Q

What species does type II diabetes mellitus typically manifest in?

A

cats and humans

170
Q

What is type II diabetes mellitus antagonized by?

A

cortisol, glucagon, GH, estrogen, IAPP, and obesity

171
Q

What occurs to the pancreas in type II diabetes mellitus?

A

ultimate islet exhaustion

172
Q

What lesions/clinical signs are associated with diabetes mellitus?

A

hepatic lipidosis, islet vacuolation, cataracts, +/- weight loss, golmerulosclerosis, microangiopathy, islet amyloidosis, persistent hyperglycemia, glucosuria, PU/PD, polyphagia

173
Q

What species do islet cell neoplasms typically occur in?

A

dogs and ferrets

174
Q

What are the types of islet cell neoplasms?

A

islet cell adenoma, islet cell carcinoma, insulinoma, and gastrinoma

175
Q

Where do islet cell carcinomas typically metastasize to?

A

the liver

176
Q

What do insulinomas cause?

A

increased insulin secretion leading to hypoglycemia

177
Q

What do gastrinomas cause?

A

increased gastrin secretion leading to hyperacidity causing a gastric ulcer

178
Q

What is the structure of the parathyroid glands?

A

4 small spherical glands associated with thyroid glands in dogs and cats

179
Q

What cells are part of parathyroid glands?

A

chief cells

180
Q

What do chief cells secrete and what is it regulated by?

A

parathormone which is regulated by serum ionized calcium

181
Q

What does parathyroid hormone maintain?

A

minute to minute control of serum ionized calcium by affecting bone resporption and increased Ca resorption and increased P excretion in the kidney

182
Q

Parathyroid hormone works in concer with what other nutrient?

A

vitamin D

183
Q

What lesions are associated with parathyroid glands?

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia, atrophy, lymphocytic parathyroiditis, and neoplasia

184
Q

What does hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands cuase?

A

enlarged glands due to an increased number of chief cells

185
Q

What does hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parathyroid respond to?

A

chronic hypocalcemia by increasing prodction of PTH

186
Q

What does atrophy of the parathyroid gland respond to?

A

chronic hypercalcemia or chronic inflammation

187
Q

Neoplasms of the parathyroid glands are typically _______ and frequently _____.

A

benign; functional

188
Q

What clinical syndromes are associated with the parathyroid glands?

A

hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism

189
Q

What do both types of hyperparathyroidism result in?

A

fibrous osteodystrophy

190
Q

What chemical changes are associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

functional PTH adenoma causing increased PTH leading to hypercalcemia and fibrous osteodystrophy

191
Q

What renal chemical changes are associeated with secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

chronic renal failure leading to increased P, decreased Ca and D3 causing a chronic Ca drain

192
Q

What nutritional changes are associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

decreased dietary calium and vitamin D or increased dietary phosphorus

193
Q

What does pseudohyperparathyroidism cause?

A

production of a PTH-like molecule

194
Q

What lesions are associated with pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A

anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs and lymphosarcoma

195
Q

What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?

A

lymphocytic parathyroiditis, inadvertent surgical removal of the PTH glands, and periparturient hypocalcemia

196
Q

What causes periparturient hypocalcemia?

A

decreased serum Ca due to fecal mineralization or lactational demand

197
Q

What is a specific syndrome associated with hypoparathyroidism in dogs and mares?

A

eclampsia

198
Q

What does eclampsia cause?

A

hyperexcitability and tetany

199
Q

What is an example of hypoparathyroidism in cows?

A

milk fever

200
Q

What does milk fever cause?

A

paresis leading to paralysis due to decreased Ach release at the neuromuscular junction

201
Q

What are some additional causative factors of milk fever?

A

high prepartum dietary Ca, inappatence at parturition, alkalosis causes inhibition of PTH receptors

Anatomic Pathology 2 (48 decks)

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