Bony Fishes & Amphibians

Question 1

What is a Fish?

Answer 1

They are a Paraphyletic group including any completely aquatic craniate that uses gills for respiration.

Question 2

What class did Bony fish originally make up?

Answer 2

Osteichthyes

Question 3

What does the root word “osteo” mean?

Answer 3

Bone

Question 4

What did the root word “Ichthys” mean?

Answer 4

FIsh

Question 5

When restricted to the definition of fish, the cladogram becomes…..

Answer 5

paraphyletic.

Question 6

How many class make up bony fish today?

Answer 6

3

Question 7

How many extant spp of fish are there?

Answer 7

roughly 27 000

Question 8

How would you make Osteichthyes a monophyletic clade?

Answer 8

You include all other bony vertebrates

Question 9

What is the first of the characteristics of bony fish?

Answer 9

They have bony endoskeletons

Question 10

What is a bone?

Answer 10

A connective tissue consisting of living cells held in rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.

Question 11

What is the second characteristic of bony fish?

Answer 11

They have flat plate-like bony scales.

Question 12

What is the third characteristic of bony fish?

Answer 12

Their gill opening are covered by a single protective flap called a operculum.

Question 13

What is the fourth characteristic of Bony fish?

Answer 13

They posses lungs or structures derived from lung.

Question 14

Why is it thought that bony fish are the decedents of fresh/ brackish water ancestors?

Answer 14

They had simple lungs as well as gills, showing ancestral linage.

Question 15

What is the function of the former “lung” in modern bony fish?

Answer 15

They use it as a swim batter, allows them to alter their level in the water coloum.

Question 16

Do any fish today still have functional lungs?

Answer 16

Yes, the lung-fish.

Question 17

What are swim batters?

Answer 17

• it is a air sac that controls buoyancy of fish
• gas exchange between blood and bladder changes the degree of inflation of bladder.
• Fish can “float” at depth they choose.

Question 18

What is the fifth characteristic of bony fish?

Answer 18

They have highly flexible fins that are used for propulsion and for maneuvering.

Question 19

Do Bony fish have internal or external fertilization?

Answer 19

They are commonly external fertilization.

Question 20

What is the Class of Bony fish known as the ray-finned fish?

Answer 20

Actionopterygii.

Question 21

What does the root word “actin” mean?

Answer 21

Ray

Question 22

What % of extant fish are Actinopterygii?

Answer 22

99%

Question 23

What is the key characteristic of Actinopterygii?

Answer 23

They posses flexible rays that support their fins.

Question 24

What are the main characteristics of Actinistia?

Answer 24

• They are one of three groups of extant lobed-finned osteichthyans.

Question 25

True or false: | There is only one extant genus of actinistians?

Answer 25

True.

Question 26

What is the second class of lobe-finned fish?

Answer 26

The coelacanths | - has two species

Question 27

What is common among both classes of lobe-finned fish?

Answer 27

They are viviparous and currently restricted to deep marine waters.

Question 28

What is common among both lobe-finned fish (anatomy).

Answer 28

Both classes of lobe-finned fish have fleshy, muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by bony elements in the base.

Question 29

What was found in the embryos of extant coelacanths?

Answer 29

They found well-developed lungs.

Question 30

What is the most well known member of the Dipnoi?

Answer 30

The Lung fish.

Question 31

What dose the root word -di_ mean?

Answer 31

two

Question 32

What dose the root wprd -pneu-

Answer 32

air/breath

Question 33

What is the defining characteristic of Dipnoi?

Answer 33

They have gills and lungs

Question 34

What is it called when a Dipnoi gulps air into its lungs from the waters surface by rasing and leering the floor of its mouth?

Answer 34

Buccal pump

Question 35

What is the economic significance of Osteichthyes? and what is the issue with them?

Answer 35

We eat them. and we farm them They are at the risk of collapse from over fishing we are setting aside no-catch reserves to allow the replenishment of wild spp.

Question 36

What is the defining characteristic of the Tetrapoda?

Answer 36

They have two pairs of sturdy skeleton supported limbs with digits

Question 37

What dose the root word -tetra- mean?

Answer 37

Four

Question 38

Do tetrapoda have gills?

Answer 38

They clearly lack gills in adult stages

Question 39

What was the intermediate between Osteichthyes and tetrapods?

Answer 39

The tiktaalik Rosea had some fish features: scales, fin without diguts, and gills+lungs Had some Tetrapoda features: neck, Ribs, wrist bones, and eyes on top of head.

Question 40

Before we believed that Modern tetrapoda were decedents of vertebrates with ____ digits per limb. now we know that they are the decedents of vertebrates with _____ digits per limb.

Answer 40

5 digits greater than 5 digits

Question 41

What are the two groups of extant Tetrapods?

Answer 41

Amphibia | Amniota

Question 42

Extant members of the Amphibia are a ____________ group sometimes called lissamphibia

Answer 42

Monophyletic

Question 43

What is one of the defining features of Amphibia?

Answer 43

They have thin, permeable skin | and use Buccal pumps to inflate lungs

Question 44

What is the life cycle of Amphibia?

Answer 44

They have eggs that lack shells They have aquatic larvae Then they grow up into adults.

Question 45

How do Amphibia pass on sperm?

Answer 45

Through external fertilization.

Question 46

What dose the rot word -amphi- mean?

Answer 46

Both

Question 47

What dose the root word -bios- mean?

Answer 47

Life.

Question 48

Larval amphibia have ____, and adult amphibia have ____

Answer 48

gills lungs

Question 49

What are the two extant orders of living Amphibia?

Answer 49

Anura | Urodela

Question 50

What is the most well known Anura?

Answer 50

the Frog/toads

Question 51

What is the defining characteristic of Anura?

Answer 51

They have hind legs modified for jumping. and lack a tail in their adult stage.

Question 52

What is the main difference between Progs and Toads

Answer 52

Toads have poison glands behind their eyes

Question 53

What is the most well known Urodela?

Answer 53

Salamanders and newts

Question 54

What is the defining feature of Urodela?

Answer 54

They have tails in both larval and adult stages

Question 55

True or false: | some Urodela are Paedogenetic!

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What dose it mean to be paedogentic?

Answer 56

They become reproductive active while retaining larval form.

Question 57

What is cute about how Urodela get around?

Answer 57

They can hardly walk on land, with it being less energetically efficient ( as their legs are on the side of body rather than under.

Question 58

What is one of the leading causes of amphibian decline?

Answer 58

Parasitic flatworms, this is increased due to their intermediate hose (snails) do better in organically polluted waters