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Bio 108 > lecture 19 > Flashcards

lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Until recently, what was considered the sister taxa of Hexapods

A

Myriapods

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2
Q

What is the common name for Hexapods?

A

Insects

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3
Q

What is the common name for Myriapods?

A

Centipedes

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4
Q

Where has recent discovery placed Hexapods on the phylogentic tree of life?

A

Within Crustaceans

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5
Q

What has the new clade of Crustaceans called/

A

PanCrustaceans

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6
Q

What are Tagmata?

A

Segmented bodies

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7
Q

What is the tagmata most commonly found in arthropods?

A

generally they have three segments comprising of:
Head (cephalization) - eatting and sensing
thorax: locomotion
Abdomen: Digestion and reproduction.

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8
Q

True or False:

Some Taxa within Arthropods have a combined head and thorax, what is it called and is this true?

A

It is called Cephalothorax

True

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9
Q

What Taxa am I describing?

  • 1 pair of antennae
  • 1 pair of compound eyes
  • Has many biramous limbs.
A

The Trilobita

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10
Q

What dose it mean to be biramous?

A

to have 2-branched limbs.

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11
Q

When did the majority of trilobita wiped out?

A

During the end-permian extinction event roughly 280MYA

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12
Q

What is the basic body plan of crustaceans?

A 
They have the following: 
2 pairs of antennae 
biramous limbs 
compound eyes 
They have a cephalothroax 
They are covered by a carapace.
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13
Q

What dose the root word -cephalo- mean>

A

Head.

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14
Q

What is a Carapace?

A

shield that covers dorsal and lateral sides.

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15
Q

What are the main mouth parts of Curstaceans?

A

They are mandibles

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16
Q

What are mandibles?

A

Single-segmented biting/chewing.

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17
Q

What is the exoskeleton of Crustaceans re-enforced with?

A

Calcium carbonate.

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18
Q

What dose the root word -crust- mean?

A

crunchy

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19
Q

How do crustaceans preform gas exchange?

A

Through gills

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20
Q

How do fully terrestrial Crustaceans perform gas exchange?

A

they use a tracheae.

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21
Q

Most Crustaceans are sexed, what is the exception?

A

Barnacles, they are hermaphrodites

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22
Q

How dose sperm transfer occur within Crustaceans?

A

Through Copulation and intromission.

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23
Q

What is Copulation?

A

When the male places sperm in or on the females sperm-receiving organ.

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24
Q

What is intromission?

A

The male part goes inside the female part

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25
Q

How do most of the females of Crustaceans Handel their eggs?

A

They brood their eggs until they hatch.

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26
Q

True or false:

Some freshwater and terrestrial spp of Crustaceans are direct developers

A

True!

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27
Q

How do most Crustaceans develop through their life cycle?

A

Most of them have an indirect life cycle with a larval stage.

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28
Q

What is the most common larval stage of Crustaceans?

A

They are anuplius.

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29
Q

What are the four forms of nurtent gathering in Crustaceans?

A
  1. Filter feeders
  2. Scavengers
  3. Predators
  4. Commensals or parasites
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30
Q

What is a ecologically unsound way of gathering Crustaceans?

A

Through bottom-trawling.

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31
Q

What is the main reason bottom-trawling is unsound?

A

It has a 75% bycatch (fish that get thrown back)

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32
Q

What are common Hexapods?

A

Insects and spring tails

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33
Q

What are common Myriapods?

A

Centipedes and millipedes

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34
Q

What are the FOUR shared features between Hexapods and Myriapods?

A
  • they have one pair of antennae
  • they have mandubles
  • they have a tracheae
  • they have uniramous limbs.
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35
Q

What dose it mean to have uniramous limbs?

A

Having one set of legs per segment

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36
Q

True or false:

Pancrustaceans and myriapods all have mandibles as mouth parts.

A

True.

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37
Q

What is the defining feature of Hexapods?

A

They are 6-legged arthropods.

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38
Q

What dose the root word -hex- mean?

A

6

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39
Q

What class is included within Hexapods (gotta love them :D)

A

insecta

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40
Q

What is the second most important class within Hexapods?

A

collembola

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41
Q

What is the morphological structure of Hexapods?

A

-They have clear and consistent Tagmata
Collembola are entognathous
Insecta are ectognathous

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42
Q

What is found on each of the segments of tagmata within Hexapods?

A

head: 1 pair of antennae
Thorax: 3 pairs of jointed legs
abdomen: has no paired jointed legs

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43
Q

What dose it mean to be entognathous?

A

It means that the mandeibles are enclosed by the cheeks.

found in collembola

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44
Q

What dose the root word -ento- mean?

A

in(side)

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45
Q

What dose the root word -gnath- mean?

A

jaw

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46
Q

What dose the root word -ecto- mean?

A

out(side)

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47
Q

What dose it mean to be ectognathous?

A

Mean that your mandibles are not enclosed in cheeks.

this is found in insecta.

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48
Q

what is the Morphology of Collembola? (aside from the shared Hexapoda morphology)

A
  • they posses a collophore

- they have ocelli

49
Q

What dose the root word -collo- mean?

A

Glue

50
Q

What dose it mean to have ocelli

A

singular lensed eyes

51
Q

What is the Morphology of Insecta?

A

they have compund ocelli eyes.

- some possess wings

52
Q

What is it called when a insect dose not have wings?

A

Apterygote

53
Q

What dose the root word -a- mean?

A

Without

54
Q

What is it called when a insect dose have wings?

A

Pterygota

55
Q

What dose the root word -pter- mean?

A

wing

56
Q

What are the three main life cycles of Hexpods?

A

Ametaboly
Hemimetaboly
holometaboly

57
Q

What is ametaboly?

A 
A= without 
meta= change

juveniles look exactly like adults

58
Q

what is hemimetaboly?

A

Hemi- partial
meta- change

wings develop over time from wing pads to full wings.

59
Q

What are the juveniles of Hemimetaboly called?

A

Nymphs

60
Q

What is holometaboly?

A

holo- entire or complete
meta -change

The animal develops wings all at once in a pupa stage.

juveniles always have a different morphology and ecology than adults.

61
Q

What are the juveniles of holometaboly called?

A

Larva!

62
Q

True or false:

All hexapods have separate sexes.

A

True.

there are no hermaphrodites.

63
Q

How do collembolans and apterygote insects transfer sperm?

A

indirectly, through spermatophores.

64
Q

What is a spermatophore?

A

Encapsulated package of sperm placed on a substrate.

65
Q

How do pterygote transfer sperm?

A

Through copulation.

Males place sperm directly on or in the females sperm-receiving structure.

66
Q

true or false?

Almost all hexapods are terrestrial.

A

True.

67
Q

What is entomology?

A

The study of insects.

68
Q

What is a positive effect of Hexapods

A

They drive insect pollination.

69
Q

What is the biggest issue facing Hexapods?

A

Colony-collapse disorder.

70
Q

What is the main characteristic of Myriapoda?

A

They have many sets of uniamerous legs.

71
Q

What dose the root word -myria- mean?

A

a great many.

72
Q

Are Myriapoda highly tagmatized.

A

Nope, they are less tagmatized.

73
Q

What are the tagmata of Myriapods?

A

Head: wih ocelli, mandibles, and 1 pr antennae.
Trunk: has 9-325 pairs of jointed legs.

74
Q

What is the development of Myriapods?

A

They are direct developers.

75
Q

what is the oldest fossil of a terrestrial animal of?

A

A Myriapod

76
Q

What is the common name for the class Diplopoda?

A

millipedes.

77
Q

What is the morpjology of Diplopoda?

A

They have two pairs of legs and two stigmata per segment.

78
Q

What is it called when there is a fusion of two adjacent segments?

A

Diplosegments

79
Q

What dose the root word -diplo- mean?

A

Double

80
Q

What is the common name for Chilopoda?

A

centipedes

81
Q

What dose the root word -cheilos- mean?

A

lip

82
Q

What is a scary evolutionary trait Chilopoda made to sudbue prey and fight things?

A

poison claws

83
Q

Where did the name Chilopoda come from?

A

Cuz they have a pair of modified legs behind their mouth parts.

84
Q

How many sets of legs do chilopoda have per segment?

A

1

85
Q

What are the most well known members of the Chelicerata?

A

Horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, and mites

86
Q

What are the defining morphological traits of Chelicerata

A

They lack antenae

they have chelicerae as main mouth parts.

87
Q

What are Chelicerae?

A

They are 2-3 segmented claws/fangs that are used to crush or stab things.

88
Q

What dose the root word -Chel- mean?

A

Claw

89
Q

What dose the root word -ceros- mean?

A

horn

90
Q

How many tagmata do Chelicerata have?

A

They have 2 main tagmata.

the cephalothrax and abdomen

91
Q

What are the features of the Cephalpthorax within Chelicerata?

A

They are wholly or partly covered by a carapace
They have 6 pairs of limbs
and if they have eyes they are here.

92
Q

What are the six sets of legs found on the cephalothorax within Chelicerata?

A

Chelicerae (mouth parts)
Pedipalps
4 sets of legs

93
Q

What are pedipalps?

A

Pincers in scorpions and sensory organs in spiders.

94
Q

What is the most well known member of the Class Xiphosura?

A

The horseshoe crab.

95
Q

What is are the phylogenetic traits of the horseshoe crab?

A

They have compound eyes
They have book gills
have a long terminal spine (sword tail)

96
Q

What dose the key word -xiphos- mean?

A

Sword

97
Q

What dose the root word -uros- mean?

A

tail

98
Q

How do Xiphosura eat>

A

They ingest particles from the water.

99
Q

What is their developmental Juvenal stage?

A

Planktonic larvae

100
Q

What is the most well known member of the Class Arachnida?

A

Spiders

101
Q

How do Arachnida eat?

A

They are fluid feeders.

102
Q

What are the Araneae?

A

They are the spiders.

103
Q

What is one of their defining traits about there segmata?

A

They have tightly constructed junctions between cephalothroax and abdomen

104
Q

Araneae have ___ segmented Chelicerae

A

2-segmented chelicerae (fangs)

105
Q

What produces the webs made by Araneae?

A

Spinnerets

located in the abdomen, they are a appendage use fro spinning silk.

106
Q

How do Araneae exchange gases?

A

Through tracheae and/or book lungs.

107
Q

How do Araneae catch prey>

A

through the use of poison glands that empty through Chelicerae

108
Q

True or false:

Some Araneae use silk to capture prey.

A

True.

109
Q

Do spiders show any kind of maternal care?

A

Yes, they show maternal care of eggs and sometimes young.

110
Q

How do Araneae suck up sperm?

A

Through a pedipalp

111
Q

What is the most well known member of the Scorpiones?

A

The scorpions.

112
Q

What is the defining feature of the Scorpiones?

A

Their pedipalps are modified as grasping pincers.

113
Q

The abdomen of Scorpiones is____ segmented.

A

Clearly.

114
Q

What do Acari do?

A

they do everything and live everywhere.

115
Q

How do Acari feed?

A

they feed through fluid feeding or through the ingestion of solid particles.

116
Q

What are the young Acari called? and what is their defining feature?

A

They are called larvae and they have 3 pairs of legs (in the place of 4)

117
Q

What is so important about Acari?

A

They are the most economically important arachnids

118
Q

What is the most famous Acari?

A

ticks

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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