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Bio 108 > Lecture 21: Non-bony Vertebrates > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Non-bony Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

How many extant species of Vertebrata are there?

A

Roughly 50 000

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2
Q

What is the primary characteristic of Vertebrata?

A

Chordates with vertebrae

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3
Q

What does the root word “cranium” mean?

A

Skull

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4
Q

What is cool about Vertebrata? They have the _______ of any species

A

The largest animals that have ever lived

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5
Q

What is a vertebral column?

A

A chain of skeletal elements (cartiliage or bone) surrounding and protecting nerve cord.

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6
Q

Vertebrata have two or more _________, why?

A

Hox genes

  • results of ansertral mutation that duplicated the set of genes
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7
Q

How many Hox genes do non-vertebrata chordates have?

A

They have only one

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8
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

Clusters of embryonic cells that form near dorsal margins of closing neural tube.

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9
Q

What is the function of neural crest cells?

A

Contribute to formation of bones and cartilages of the cranium, and other structures.

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10
Q

Vertebrata have a ____________ and pronounced _________

A

endoskeleton

cephalization

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11
Q

What is cephalization?

A

when the brain is encased in protective plates.

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12
Q

How many sets of eyes do Vertebrata have?

A

They have one set of eyes.

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13
Q

What is unique about vertebrata’ circulatory system?

A
  • they have a closed circulatory system with a pumping heart
  • Hemoglobin in red blood cells
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14
Q

What is the function of pharynheal clefts?

A

They function as gill slits ancestrally.

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15
Q

What are the Pikaia?

A

They look like chordate’, but not vertebrata

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16
Q

Do pikaia have carniums

A

No

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17
Q

What is unique about Haikouichthys?

A

They posses no braincase or defined eyes.

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18
Q

Do any of the Vertebrata from the cambrian era have clear vetebrae?

A

No, none of them do.

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19
Q

What are agnathans?

A

Jawless vertebrates

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20
Q

What does the root word “gnath” mean?

A

Jaw

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21
Q

Do agnathans have paried fins?

A

No they have no paired fins

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22
Q

What are Myxini?

A

They are agnathans called “hagfish”

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23
Q

How many species of Myxini are there?

A

roughly 20-30 species.

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24
Q

Do myxini posses vertebral elements?

A

They have very small cartilaginous vertebral elements.

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25
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroition sulfate.

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26
Q

What is Cartilaginous?

A

carnium and other skeletal elements.

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27
Q

How do Myxini eat if they have no jaws, or fins?

A

They grip the flesh with Keratinous plates in their mouth

They then tie their body into a knot

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28
Q

What is the main mode of self defense for Myxini?

A

They slime their targets.

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29
Q

What dose the root word “Myxo” mean?

A

Slime.

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30
Q

What is one reason why Hagfish are indangered?

A

They are being overfished for their skin

31
Q

What is the most well known Petromyzontida?

A

Lampreys

32
Q

What surrounds the notochord of Petromyzontida?

A

A cartilaginous tube.

33
Q

The Cartilaginous tube of Petromyzontida is a primitive ______ _______

A

Vertebral column.

34
Q

What are the characteristics of the cephilization on Petromyzontida?

A

They have eyes with lenses

but no jaws or paired limbs.

35
Q

Larval Lampreys look and behave like ______

A

cephalochordates.

36
Q

How do larval lampreys feed?

A

through suspension feeding.

37
Q

How do adult lampreys feed?

A

they feed through parasitism

38
Q

What dose the root word -petro- mean?

A

rock

39
Q

What dose the root word -myzo- mean?

A

suck

40
Q

What dose the root word -Gnath- mean?

A

Jaw

41
Q

What is the main characteristic of Gnathostomes?

A

They have 2 pairs of fins

42
Q

Extant Gnathostomes have _________ Hox genes

A

4 clusters

43
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals

44
Q

What is the origin of the Jaw?

A

Modifications of 2 pairs of skeletal rods that had supported anterior pharyngeal slits

45
Q

What happened to the posterior pharyngeal slits?

A

They became specialized for gas exchange and evolved into gills

46
Q

What are the most well known Chrondrichthyes

A

Sharks and rays

47
Q

What is the endoskeleton of Chrondrichthyes made of?

A

cartilage.

48
Q

Are the teeth made of cartilage in Chrondrichthyes as well?

A

No, they are made of bone.

49
Q

What is the common name for Chrondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous fish.

50
Q

What dose the root word -Chondro- mean?

A

Cartilage

51
Q

What dose the root word -ichthys- mean?

A

Fish

52
Q

What is a fish?

A

It is a paraphyletic group including any completely aquatic vertebrate that uses gills for respiration

53
Q

What did the ancestor of Chrondrichthyes have that modern ones do not?

A

The ancestors had bony skeletons

54
Q

During the development of most vertebrates, skeleton is first cartilage and then becomes _____________

A

Ossified.

55
Q

What dose the root word -os- and -ost- mean?

A

Bone

56
Q

where dose the main swimming propulsion of Chrondrichthyes come from?

A

Comes from the tail

57
Q

What is the function of the Pectoral fins in Chrondrichthyes?

A

It adds lift (vertical moment)

58
Q

How do Chrondrichthyes gain buoyancy?

A

By storing oil in their liver.

59
Q

What is unique about sharks skin and teeth?

A

the teeth appear to be homologous to the jagged scales that make shark skin so tough.

60
Q

True or false:

Shark teeth continuously replace themselves.

A

True.

61
Q

What can Sharks detect through the use of their lateral line?

A

vibrations in water

62
Q

What can sharks detect through pores around their head?

A

Electrical fields generated by muscular movement

63
Q

How do sharks transfer sperm?

A

Through copulation.

64
Q

How do sharks grasp other sharks during copulation?

A

Males have fins that grip called claspers.

65
Q

What protects the eggs of most sharks?

A

A leathery egg case.

66
Q

How do shark young get nutrients

A

Vivparous species gain nutrients through

  • placenta
  • milk
  • eating eggs or smaller siblings
67
Q

What is true about the rear opening of sharks?

A

Everything comes out of it, Poop, pee, and babies.

68
Q

What is it called when everything comes out of the same opening?

A

Cloaca.

69
Q

What do the larges sharks feed on?

A

Zooplankton

70
Q

How do rays and skates (members of the Chrondrichthyes phylum) get around?

A

By flapping large pectoral fins.

71
Q

What are the teeth of skates and rays like?

A

Flat and plate like (for grinding prey)

72
Q

What are Chimeras?

A

They are like rays with flat tooth plates, but also have dorsal spines and venom sacs.

73
Q

Why are Chimeras called Chimeras?

A

Because they look like they were put together from parts of other fish.

74
Q

Why are sharks dying off so fast?

A
  • shark watching is becoming popular
  • dorsal fins get removed for soup
  • they have very low reproductive rate

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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