Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 108 > Lecture 2 - Taxonomy & Systematics (Part 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Taxonomy & Systematics (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Systematic?

A

The theory and a little practice of classifying organisms.

The “Why”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are people called when they engage in Systematics?

A

Systematists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do modern Systematists focus on?

A

They focus on the reason why particular taxa should be group together.

ie. The evolutionary reason why things should be grouped together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What major change happened to systematics in 1960?

A

The focus was switched from simply adding new taxa to methods for determining relatedness among taxa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why did the old taxonomies need to be changed in the 1960’s?

A

They were changed out of the desire for evolutionary informative classifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was one of the major results of the taxonomies change in the 1960s?

A

Taxonomies in textbooks rapidly became out of date.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is molecular systematics?

A

it is the use of molecular genetics to study the evolution of relationships among individuals and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What has the rise of molecular systematics done to taxonomies?

A

It has accelerated the rate of change, due to the use of proteins. DNA, and RNA to better study the relationships of species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the 5 kingdom classification?

A 
Bacteria
Protista 
Plantae 
Fungi 
Animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the modern “kingdom” classification?

A

It involves 10 kingdoms with a new taxonomic level, the domain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was systematics like before the 1960’s?

A

it was a Relatively unstructured discipline, although systematists wanted to create a evolutionary sensible classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is stratigraphy?

A

The temporal order in which fossils occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tools did systematists have before the 1960’s to classify species?

A
  • Stratigraphy
  • Expertise
  • Primitive and advanced morphology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Primitive morphology?

A

Morphology based more off of guesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is advanced morphology?

A

Morphology based on facts, compared to other facts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What was one of the major flaws with “old-style” systematics?

A

The methods were subjective, choosing witch classification was the best could be strongly influenced by personal preference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What invention in the 1960’s allowed for a more objective classification of species within systematics

A

The computer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who invented Hennigs systematics? When?

A

German Entomologist Willi Hennig in the 1950’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What drove the creation of the creation of the Hennigan systematics system?

A

The want for classifications that reflected ancestor-descendant relationships (or more generally shared evolutionary history)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When creating Hennigan systematics, what goal did Willi have in mind?

A

To create a method that was as objective, and transparent as possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Hennigan systematics argue the best way to determine evolutionary relationships was?

A

Focus on only the shared, derived characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a group of organisms that is related by shared and derived characteristics called?

A

A Calde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was Hennig’s approach to determining evolutionary relationships called?

A

Cladistics or phylogentic systematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Clados mean?

A

Branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does Phylon mean?
Tribe, or race
26
What does gen mean?
Create
27
What is a cladogram?
A branching diagaram that shows the hypothesized relationships between species.
28
What does gramm mean?
A mark or a line
29
What do Cladograms represent?
Only the order of evolutionary events (branching) and what taxa share most recent common ancestors.
30
What do the lengths of the branches on a cladogram mean?
Nothing at all
31
What is the root of a Cladeogram?
It is the base node, it represents the hypothetical common ancestror of all the Taxa on that tree.
32
What is a a branching point?
It is a part of the cladeogram where a branch diverge from its lineage.
33
What is a dichotomy?
A fully resolved split into two taxa.
34
What is a polytomy?
A node that is unresolved pattern of divergence. Looks like a pitchfork
35
What are sister Taxa?`
two taxa on the same node.
36
What do the nodes further up the tree represent? (not the root)
They represent the more recent, and specific common ancestor.
37
What is a basal taxon?
A taxon that is directly attached to the root og the tree and has no further nodes.
38
TO construct a phylogentic hypothesis what information must systematists collect?
- Morphology - Behavior - DNA sequence - Biochemistry
39
What is an Ingroup?
A group's relationships a systematists is interested in untangling
40
What is a character?
Each type of structure, behavior, ect of a species.
41
What is a state?
The manifestation of a character in a given taxon
42
What is a out group?
a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup.
43
What does Sp. stand for?
Species singular
44
What does Spp. stand for?
Species Plural
45
Should Sp and Spp be italicized?
No
46
What is phyologeny?
refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms
47
What is parsimony?
a set of nested relationships that minimizes the number of times a character has to change state.
48
What is Occam's Razor/ Principle of Parsimony?
The best Hypothesis is one that requires the fewest postulations. ie. the simplest answer is generally the correct answer.
49
What is a matrix?
Any grid with X and Y Rows.
50
When a outgroup state is set at "0" on a matrix what is the state concitered to be?
Ancestral/original
51
When a outgroup is set at "1" what is the state considered to be?
it is derived
52
What does "derived' mean for an outgroup state?
It is a termed character-state polarization because the direction of change in the character is decided.
53
after you create a matrix what are you looking for? What is the goal?
Determine a set of nested relationships that minimizes the number of tines 0 changes to 1 / or 1 cnages to 0
54
Changes and relationships among taxa are often presented in what kind of diagram?
A Cladogram
55
What is a symplesiomorphy?
(cladistics) an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa of a shared ancestry
56
What does plesio mean?
Near/similar to the ancestral state
57
What is a synapomorphiy?
(cladistics) a derived trait that is shared by two or more taxa of shared ancestry
58
What is a automorphy?
A unique derived character state present in only one taxon.
59
Is the presence of hair a synapomorpy of mammals amoung other vertebrates? what about within mammals?
It is a synapomorphy of mammals among other vertabrets but it is symplesiomorphy within mammals.
60
relationships among taxa are interpereted from what?
from the order in which branches split, nit from how many names of taxa are arranged at the tips of branches.
61
true/false: | Trees cannot rotates at its nodes ( like a mobile) without altering the relationships.
False | Trees can rotates at its nodes ( like a mobile) without altering the relationships.
62
Cladistics works the best when all character states have the same what?
evolutionary origin, called homologous.
63
What does the root word "homo" mean?
same.
64
What is it called when character state appears the same but actually evolved independently
Analogus, homoplasious, or convergent.
65
molecular phylogenetics in today's world focus mainly on what?
Matching base pairs in selected gene sequences.
66
The more matches there are in the DNA sequence the......
The more closely related they are likely to be.
67
What is a set of information that can be displayed through tree length in phylograms.
the number of differences between taxa.
68
Constant rate of mutation accumulated allows for what type of construction of trees?
Trees with branch lengths that may reflect time since divergence.
69
What is maximum Parsimony?
The tree that requires the fewest number of base pair changes
70
Within Molecular Taxonomy what is "maximum Likelihood"?
How DNA is most likely to change.
71
What does Monophyletic mean?
A true clade; one containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants and no other unrelated TAXA
72
What is the final goal for phylogenic classifications?
To reflect ancestor-descendant relationships by creating only momophyletic taxa.
73
What is it called when tAxa do not share recent ancestors and are limped together?
polyphyletic
74
What is a Paraphyletic group?
Groups that are formed that o not contain all descendants of a common ancestor
75
Hoe are Paraphylectic groups formed?
often form the the removal of taxa that are highly divergent fro the rest of the calde

Bio 108 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions