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Bio 108 > lecture 17 > Flashcards

lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Most animals on earth belong to what clade?

A

Bilateria

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2
Q

What is a key feature of the Bilateria?

A

They posses bilateral systemtry

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3
Q

What is cephalization?

A

differentation of a head region

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4
Q

Are Bilateria cephalization?

A

They have varrying degrees, including anterior concentartion of neural ganglia ( brain)

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5
Q

What is a neural ganglia?

A

Brain

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6
Q

What type of embryos do Bilateria posses?

A

Triploblasic embryos.

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7
Q

are Acoela Bilateria?

A

Yes they are

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8
Q

What phylum do marine worms reside from?

A

Acoela

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9
Q

What us unique about Acoela?

A

They have no brain and they have no gut cavity.

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10
Q

What is a .worm?

A

General term for an animal with a body that lacks shell or elaborate appendages and usually longer than wide.

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11
Q

Where on the phylogentic tree would Acoela be in relation to the rest of the Bilateria?

A

Some molecular data places acoela as basal to the rest of the Bilateria

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12
Q

What are the four main characteristic of Lophotrochozoa?

A
  • Some have lophophore
  • Some have trochophore larva
  • others have neither
  • Main similarities are in DNA
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13
Q

How many phyla exist within Lophotrochozoa?

A

There are roughly 18

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14
Q

what Lophotrochozoa phylum contains flatworms?

A

Platyhelminthes.

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15
Q

What does the root word “platy” mean?

A

Flat

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16
Q

What does the root word “helminth” mean?

A

Worm

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17
Q

Flat worms have no fluid filled body cavity, what is this called?

A

Acoelomate.

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18
Q

Are flatworms triploblastic?

A

Yes they are.

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19
Q

How many species of Platyhelminthes are there?

A

roughly 20,000 spp

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20
Q

What are the two major classes of Platyhelminthes?

A

Class turbellaria

Class cestoidea

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21
Q

What is unique about the Turbellaria?

A

They are called the free-living flatworms.

- The epidermis of Turbellaria are covered in epidermal cilia.

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22
Q

Turbellaria have a pair of ___________ and ____________ near the front of their body.

A

Ventral nerve cords

and

pair of ganglia

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23
Q

Do turbellaria have an anal opening?

A

Nope

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24
Q

Are Turbellaria predatory?

A

Yes some are , mostly on other small metazoans.

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25
Q

What do NON-predatory Turbellaria feed on>

A

They feed on bacteria and protists, or decaying organic matter.

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26
Q

How do turbellaria reproduce?

A

PENIS FENCING.

They are hermaphroditic.

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27
Q

What class do tape worms reside from?

A

Cestoidea

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28
Q

Tapeworms are entirely ___________ in digestive systems of animals

A

endoparasitic

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29
Q

do tapeworms have a digestive system?

A

No, they digest their food through thin body walls.

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30
Q

What is the speciality organ that a tapeworm has that allows it to hold onto a hosts intestines

A

Scolex

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31
Q

What is the organ of a tapeworm that is devoted to reproduction? and where is it found?

A

after the SCOLEX comes a long chain of units devoted to reproduction called

  • proglottids.
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32
Q

How are the eggs of Cestoidea implanted into Intermediate hosts?

A

They are eaten by the intermediate host.

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33
Q

How do the larvae of the Cestoidea get transported from the intermediate host into the final host?

A

The final host eats the intermediate host.

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34
Q

What is a final/definitive host?

A

Hosts in which a parasite engages in sexual reproduction

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35
Q

Can tape worms infect dogs? if so what are they?

A

Yes,

The Echinococcus granulosus infects herbivorous mammals as intermediate hosts to later infect dogs.

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36
Q

Once a Cestoidea tapeworm is in the tissue of a human, what do they do next?

A

Once they are in the tissues, larvae undergo asexual reproduction and split into thousands of new larvae that are located within a large -hydatid cyst.-

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37
Q

What dose the root word -Branch- mean?

A

Arm

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38
Q

What dose the root word -pod- mean

A

Foot

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39
Q

Phylum ___________ is one of four lophophore-bearing phylum.

A

brachiopoda

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40
Q

How do Brachiopoda feed? And what specialized oragan allows them to feed this way?

A

They suspension feed through the use of paired lophophores

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41
Q

True or false:

Brachiopda do not have complete gut and anal openings

A

False:

They do have complete gut and anal openings.

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42
Q

True or false:

Brachiopoda were far more diverse in the past having up to 30 000 spp compaired to modern counts of around 300 spp.

A

True

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43
Q

What do the root words -ecto- and -proct- mean?

A

Outside anus

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44
Q

True or false:

Ectoprocta are almost entirely colonial?

A

True

45
Q

What is the other name for Ectoprocta?

A

Bryozoa

46
Q

What do the root words -baryo- and -zoa- mean?

A

Moss - Animal

47
Q

What makes Ectoprocta diff rent from corals?

A

many species have units that are specialized for different tasks.

48
Q

What dose the root word -annulus- mean?

A

ring

49
Q

What is the defining feature of Phylum Annelida

A

They are segmented worms (ringed)

50
Q

What were the original three categories of Annelida?

A

polychatea
oligochaeta
hirudinea

51
Q

What did later molecular data show about the classes of Annelida?

A

It showed that Oligochaeta and Hirudinea were part of the class Polychaeta

making it only one class.

52
Q

What are the basic characteristics of Annelids? *(Phylum Annelida)

(3 things)

A
  • They are segmented, with segmented being separated by septa
  • They are Eucoelomate, with their body cavity being lined with mesoderaly derived tissues
  • They have a closed circulatory system.
53
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Polycheata?

A

Their body is made of segmented fleshy lobes of Parapodia that bear many chaetae

54
Q

What dose the root word -parapodia- mean?

A

Not quite feet

55
Q

What do the root words -poly- and -chaeta- mean?

A

Bristle

56
Q

How dose the development of the head and parapodia in polychaeta differ in errant and sedentary species?

A

Errant species have more developed heads and parapodia than what it found in the sedentary species.

57
Q

What dose -sedentary- mean?

A

rarely move, but can if necessary

58
Q

True or false:

Errant polychaetes are usually predatory.

A

True

59
Q

How do senentary polychates feed?

A

They feed primarily through 3 different methods:

  • ingesting substrate
  • suspension feeding by filtering food particles from the water column.
  • deposit feeding by trailing sticky tentacles over substrate and licking off the adhering matter.
60
Q

True or false:

PolyChaetes are free spawning

A

True

61
Q

What dose it mean to be free spawning?

A

Means that eggs and sperm released into the water fertilize upon interaction outside the body of the parent animals.

62
Q

Trochopore larvae are _______, with subsequent larvae leading _______ lives.

A

Planktonic

Benthic

63
Q

What dose it mean to be benthic?

A

Means that you live at or near the bottom of a body of water.

64
Q

What is the most commonly known Oligochaeta?

A

The terrestrial earthworm

65
Q

Non-Leech spp. of Oligochaeta still have a few________

A

Chaetae

66
Q

How do Oligochaeta reproduce?

A

They are simultaneous hermaphrodites that transfer sperm by copulation.

67
Q

What happens during copulation?

A

A gelatinous cocoon secretion is made from the clitellum where eggs and sperm are deposited for external fertilization.

68
Q

True or false:

Oligochaetes are external fertilizers?

A

True.

69
Q

True or false:

oligochaetes undergo direct development, meaning that they have no larval stage.

A

True.

70
Q

What is the usefulness of Oilgochates?

A

They are useful in maintaining soil conditions through digesting organic matter (composting) and through losing soil for root systems.

71
Q

Why is there few worms native to Canada?

A

Because most of the worms in Canada were killed by glaciation.

72
Q

What are Hiudinea?

A

They are leeches

73
Q

What dose the root word -hirudo- mean?

A

Leech

74
Q

Where do Hiudinea live?

A

Mostly in freshwater, although some live in marine and terrestrial enviorments.

75
Q

Hirudinea lack________, but have __________

A

They lack parapodia, but have clitellum

76
Q

Hirudinea enteriely lack_____

A

Chaetae

77
Q

What do Hirudinea feed on?

A

They are predators that feed on soft bodied invertebrates.

78
Q

True or false:

Some Hirudinea feed on the blood of vertebrates.

A

True……They are leeches.

79
Q

What is one use of Hirudinea in human sociaty?

A

We use them for medical practice for releasing swelling, and attachment of severed extremities.

80
Q

What is the most characterizing feature of Mollusca?

A

They have a calcareous shell that encoulses their soft bodies.

81
Q

what dose the rot word -moll- mean?

A

Soft

82
Q

What are the basic characteristics of molluscan?

7 things 1 movement, 1 feeding, 1 shell, 4 about internals

A
  • Their calcareous shell is secreted by a thin layer called the mantle
  • Muscular ventral foot used for movement.
  • Their mouth-parts are strap-like rasping organs called radula.
  • They posses gills for gas exchange
  • They have an open circulatory system
  • they are Not clearly segmented
  • many of them are trochophores
83
Q

What class makes up 75% of extant mollusc species?

A

Snails

84
Q

What dose the root word -gastro- and -pod- mean?

A

Stomach

foot

85
Q

Shelled species of Gastropoda undergo ______, visceral mass twists during development so that anal opening is above head.

A

Torsion.

86
Q

True or false:

Land snails and slugs (Gastropoda) have lungs and breath through the moisture in the air.

A

False. They have lungs that they use for gas exchange.

87
Q

________ are shell-less sea Gastropoda.

A

nudibranchs (sea slugs)

88
Q

What protection do Nudibranchs have?

A

They are protected by nematocysts of cnidarians.

89
Q

What is comprised of Class Bivalvia of Phlyum Gastropoda?

A

Clams, oysters, and Scallops.

90
Q

What is the defining feature of Class Bivalvia?

A

They have a two hinged shell.

91
Q

What do the root words -bi- and -valv- mean?

A

two

door

92
Q

How do Class Bivalvia feed?

A

They feed through filtering water through their gills

93
Q

True or false:

members of Class Bivalvia have no radula.

A

True

94
Q

True or false:

Although some Class Bivalvia are sessile, most are sedentary and can move if needed.

A

True

95
Q

What is an example of a sedentary animal?

A

Mussels.

96
Q

What is important about Class Bivalvia?

A
  • they are widely consumed
  • They produce pearls
  • they can be invasive pests (zebra mussels)
97
Q

What is the defining feature of Cephalopoda?

A

They have long tentacles arranged around their mouths

98
Q

What are some Cephalopoda?

A

squids, cuttlefish, octopuses

99
Q

What dose the root word -cephalo- and -pod- mean?

A

Head

foot

100
Q

True or false:

All Cephalopoda except for one are predatory, evolving their radula to become a biting beak.

A

True

101
Q

True or false:

Most spp of Cephalopoda have NO evedance of external shells?

A

True.

Although the nautilus has one.

102
Q

True or false:

some taxa of Cephalopoda have interal shells remnants?

A

True, like the cuttlebone in the cuttlefish.

103
Q

Cephalopoda have a tube of mantle fused to make ______

A

Siphon

104
Q

What is the siphon used for?

A

Jet-propulsion

105
Q

What is unique about Cephalopoda circulatory system?

A

They are the only molluscs to have a closed circulatory system.

106
Q

True or false:

many octopuses show maternal care.

A

True.

107
Q

What type of development do Cephalopoda juveniles undergo?

A

Direct development.

108
Q

What is cool about Cephalopoda eyes?

A

They have very advanced color vision that rivals that of vertebrates.

109
Q

What is known about Cephalopoda behavior?

A

They convay very complex behavior with some species seeming to be at least as intelligent as dogs

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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