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Bio 108 > Prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Prokaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first fossil evidence of life on earth?

A

Prokaryotes around 3.5 billion years ago

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2
Q

What are the two domains of Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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3
Q

How long did it take for earth to have more life than juts prokaryotes?

A

1.5 Billion years

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4
Q

What does the key word “Pro” mean?

A

First/before

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5
Q

What does the key word “karyon” mean?

A

Kernel/nucleus

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6
Q

What does the key word “eu” mean?

A

True. `

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7
Q

Why are PROkaryotes and EUkaryotes named differently?

A

Prokayotes do not have a nucleus.

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8
Q

What is a Nucleus?

A

Genetic material as dense linear chromosomes enclosed by a membrane.

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9
Q

What do prokaryotes have in the place of a nucleus?

A

They have a dense, circular ring of DNA not enclosed by a membrane, called a NUCLEOID region.

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10
Q

Do Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have plasmids?

A

No, only prokaryotes

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11
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A plasmid is a small ring of DNA that contains a few extra genes a cell can use to gain a competitive advantage.

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12
Q

Do Prokaryotes reproduce using mitosis and meosis like eukaryotes? if not how do they?

A 
Nope. 
They use the following:
- Binary Fission 
- Transformation 
- Transduction
- Conjuction
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13
Q

What is Binary fission?

A

The most common method of reporoduction for prokaryotes.

  • New DNA is synthesized.
  • When the chromosome duplicates the cell splits
  • The rate of binary fission is denpent on the environment.
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14
Q

What is transformation?

A

It is the uptake of “naked” DNA released from dead bacteria by a living prokaryote.

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15
Q

What is transduction?

A

The transport of DNA between prokaryote cells by viruses (Bacteriophages)

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16
Q

What does the root word (Phage) mean?

A

Eat

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17
Q

What is conjunction?

A

It is when one prokaryote latches onto another with a string like structure (Pilus) and transfers DNA.

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18
Q

Is conjunction unidirectional or bidirectional?

A

Unidirectional, from pilus-producer to receiver.

Primarily transporting plasmids

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19
Q

What is horizontal transfer and why dose it lead to rapid adaptation to antibiotics?

A

‘Horizontal’ means transfer between individuals of the same generation, they don’t need to be related.

Allows for the spread of favorable adaptation.

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20
Q

What is a exsample of horizontal transfer?

A

Conjunction.

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21
Q

What is vertical transfer?

A

The transfer of genetci material from parent to offspring between generations.

example: Binary fission.

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22
Q

Are the call walls of prokaryotes the same as eukaryote cell walls?

A

No, Prokaryotes do not have cell walls.

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23
Q

What is found in the cell membrane of prokaryote?

A

Peptidoglycans.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

TO prevent a a cell from going boom when placed into a hypotonic solution.

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25
Q

What is a gram positive prokaryote?

A

They have peptidogycan wall in contact with external medium which traps purple stain.

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26
Q

What is a gram negative prokaryote?

A

they have lipopolysaccharide layer outside the cell wall, and thus do not absorb stain readily.

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27
Q

True or false:

Gram negative cells are usually more pathogenic.

A

True

The outer layer oflipopolysaccharide can contain toxins and also resist action of antibiotics.

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28
Q

True or false:

Prokayotes do not have membrane enclosed organelles

A

True.

They have no nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts.

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29
Q

True or false:

Prokaryotic cells are usually larger than eukarotes.

A

False,
They are usually a lot smaller.
1-5pincometers in size.

30
Q

True to false:

Prokaryotic cells are not mobile and form larger units such as tissues, and organs.

A

False:

They are mobile and move around using flagella.

31
Q

What does the root word (Flagellum) mean?

A

whip

32
Q

How fast can some bacteria move?

A

50 body lengths per second.

33
Q

True or false:

Many prokaryotes demonstrate taxes

A

True

34
Q

What is Taxes?

A

The moment away from or towards stimulus.

35
Q

As well as structural diffrences what is another MAJOR difference between prokarotes and eukaryotes?

A

Their metabolic pathways.

36
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical pathways used by living organisms to build up molecules (anabolism) or the break down of molecules to release energy (catabolism)

37
Q

What does the key word (Meta), (ana), and (cata) mean respectfully?

A 
meta = change 
ana = up 
cata = down
38
Q

What are the the three basic needs for metabolic activity?

A

Water
Carbon
Energy

39
Q

What are Photoautotrophs

A

They use light energy, and CO2

40
Q

What do the root words
(Photo)
(Auto)
(Troph)

A

photo=light
auto=self
troph=eat

41
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Use energy obtained by oxidizing inorganic chemicals, and CO2

many are prokaryotes.

42
Q

What are Photoheterotrophs?

A

They use light energy, but get carbon from organic molecules.

very few are prokaryotes

43
Q

What does the root word hetero mean?

A

Different.

44
Q

What are chemoheterotrphs?

A

Use organic molecules for both energy and carbon source.

Animals, fungi, many prokaryotes, few plants

45
Q

What are the two Domains of Prokaryotes? How did we come to this understanding?

A

We started looking at the RNA structures of Prokaryotic.

two domains:

  • Bacteria/Eubacteria (Eu=true)
  • Archaea (Arch=ancient/original)
46
Q

What is the main difference between Eubacteria and Archaea?

A

Archaea lack peptidoglycan within their cell walls

47
Q

True to false:

Archaea do not respond to antibiotics.

A

True.

48
Q

true to false:

Archaea are primarily extermeophiles

A

True.

49
Q

What does the root word (Phil) mean?

A

Love/prefer/attached to

50
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Archaea that live in oxygen free environments.

They produce methane as a waste product.

51
Q

What are Halophiles?

A

Archaea that live in very salty environments

52
Q

What does the root word (halo) mean?

A

Salt (where salt is)

as in any ionic cystalline compound.

53
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Archaea that live in very hot environments

54
Q

True or false:

bacteria exist in 5 major clades.

A

True

55
Q

What are proteobacteria?

A

A large and metabolically diverse group of gram negative bacteria.

56
Q

What clade does ‘Rhizobium’ exist in?

what is it?

A

Proteobacteria

- endosymbiotic mutualist

57
Q

What does Rhizobium do that is important to the environment?

A

fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

58
Q

What clade does Escherichia coli exist in?

A

Proteobacteria

59
Q

What are Chlamydias?

A

a Bacterial clade that can only live within the cells of animals.

60
Q

what are spirochaetes?

A

A bacterial clade of quite long(up to 0.25mm) helical bacteraia that swim by spiraling.

61
Q

What bacterial clade is responsible for syphilis and lyme disease?

A

Spirochaetes

62
Q

True or false:

Gram positive bacteria form their own Clade.

A

true

63
Q

What role do gram positive Bacteria play in the environment?

A

They are important decomposers

64
Q

What is the smallest know cell?

A

mycoplasmas

- gram positive Bacteria that is 0.1 pecometer in length.

65
Q

What clade is Anthrax a part of?

A

Gram positive Bacteria

66
Q

What causes botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

a gram positive Bacteria

67
Q

What is especially sepetable to botulism?

A

Waterfowl due to fly larvae’s ability to accumulate C. Botulinum

68
Q

What do humans use that is derived from botulism?

A

Botox

69
Q

What are Cyanobacteria?

A

A bacterial clade that includes the only prokaryotes that produce oxygen through photoautotrophy, although some fix atmospheric nitrogen as well.

70
Q

What is the common name for Cyanobacteria?

A

Blue green algae

71
Q

What are the three major roles that Prokaryotes play in the environment?

A
  • They are vital decomposers
  • They are important producers of oxygen and nitrogen
  • They are the primary producers that supply the food web in the place of plants.
72
Q

True or false:

many Prokaryotes are beneficial inhabitants of eukaryotes.

A

True.

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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