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Bio 108 > lecture 23: Amniotes > Flashcards

lecture 23: Amniotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the extant members of the Amniotes calde?

A

Reptiles and mammals

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2
Q

What is the defining feature of Amniotes?

A

They have many terrestrial adaptations

They have a amniotic egg

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3
Q

What is the amniotic egg in Amniotes?

A

An egg with 4 extra-embryonic membranes

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4
Q

What are the 4-extra-embryonic membranes?

A
  1. amnion
  2. yolk sac
  3. allantois
  4. Chorion
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5
Q

True or false:

Most Amniotes have a egg shell that is impervious to water loss

A

True

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6
Q

How do Amniotes transfer sperm?

A

Through copulation & internal fertilization

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7
Q

True or false:

Amniotes have waterproof skin

A

True

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8
Q

How do Amniotes assist in the moment of air?

A

They have muscles in their rib cage that aid in ventilating the lungs.

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9
Q

What is the earliest fossilized Amniote?

A

The Hylonomus, found in Atlantic Canada

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10
Q

What dose the root word =Hylo- mean?

A

Woods

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11
Q

What are the two major clades of the Amniotes?

A

Reptilia

Synapsida

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12
Q

What are Reptilia?

A

Reptiles and birds

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13
Q

What are Synapsida?

A

Mammals

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14
Q

How many skull holes do Diapsid creatures have?

A

two holes per side of the skull

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15
Q

How many skull holes do Synapsid creatures have?

A

One hole per side of the skull

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16
Q

How many skulls do Anapsid creatures have?

A

zero

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17
Q

What is the only extant reptilia with anapsid skulls?

A

Turtles

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18
Q

What are the defining characteristics of non-avian reptilia?

A

They are covered in Keratinous scales

They have leathery eggshells

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19
Q

What are some of the behavioral characteristics of non-avian Reptilia?

A

They mostly rely upon environmental heat to maintain appropriate temperatures

behavioral ectotherms

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20
Q

non-avian Retilia are ____-therms

A

Ecto

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21
Q

what dose the root word -ecto- mean

A

outside

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22
Q

non-avain Reptilia only require __% of the calories as that of mammals of similar size. why?

A

10%

they don’t have to produce their own body heat.

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23
Q

What kind of ‘opening’ do non-avian Reptilia have?

A

cloacas

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24
Q

What is the most well known member of the group Testudines?

A

Turtles and tortosies

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25
Q

What is the defining feature of Testudines?

A

They have bony dorsal and ventral shields

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26
Q

What dose the root word -test- mean?

A

Shield

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27
Q

What is the skull construction of Testudines?

A

Anapsid

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28
Q

What is a cool feature about Testudines?

A

They can withdraw their heads inside of their carapace for protection

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29
Q

Male Testudines have a ___________ organ, that is used to insert sperm into females

A

intromittent organ

30
Q

What are the Lepidosauria

A 
ledpido= scale 
saur = lizard
31
Q

What are the two lineages of Lepidosauria?

A

Tuataras

Squamata

32
Q

What is the defining feature of the Tuataras?

A

They have teeth fused to jaw bones

They copulate but are missing intromittant organs

33
Q

What are the most well known Squamata?

A

Snakes and lizards

34
Q

What dose the root word -squam- mean?

A

Scaly

35
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Squamata?

A 
they have loosely jointed jaws and skulls 
paired hemipenes 
(lizards) have external ear openings (snakes do not)
36
Q

Do snakes have limbs?

A

really, do you really need to ask that? no, no they don’t.

37
Q

How do snakes kill their prey?

A

Through suffocation or venom

38
Q

What is one of the defining features of Crocodilia?

A

they cannot chew

39
Q

True or false:

Extant species of Crocadilia can walk about on land

A

True

40
Q

How do Crocodilia pass on sperm?

A

Copulation through a single intromittant organ

41
Q

True or false:

Crocodilia show maternal care.

A

True

42
Q

What is the economic importance of Lepidosauria?

A

Turtles are harvested for their eggs and shells
Many Squamata are pets
Antivenins are made

43
Q

What is the extinct group of anapsid reptiles that may or may not have left any decedents?

A

The parareptiles

44
Q

What are the two aquatic Diapsids with unplaced lineages?

A

ischthyosaurs

Plesiosaurs

45
Q

What is one of the largest extinct groups of reptilia?

A

The Archosauria

46
Q

What dose the root word -arch- mean?

A

ancient or ruling

47
Q

What are the extinct members of the Archosauria?

A

Pterosaurs and non-avian dinosaurs

48
Q

What is the root word -deino-

A

Terror

49
Q

Were dinosaurs endothermic?

A

Maybe

50
Q

What are the extant groups of Archosauria?

A

Aves and Crocodillia

51
Q

What are Aves?

A

Birds

52
Q

What is the most important synapomotphy in Aves?

A

Feathers

53
Q

Extant Aves have _________beaks and lack_____

A

Keratinous

teeth

54
Q

how many digits do Aves have?

A

one main and 2 ting ones on wings with no claws

55
Q

What is the origin of Aves?

A

Fossiles have shown non-avian dinosaurs with feathers

the Archaeopteryx is the most famous extinct bird

56
Q

What are the characteristics of the Archaeopteryx?

A

They had wings, teeth, and wing claws

57
Q

How do Aves grind up their food?

A

Within their gizzards

58
Q

What are the Aves adaptations for flight?>

A

Hollow bones

Reduced organs

59
Q

What kind of therm are birds?

A

Endotherms

60
Q

What dose the root word Endo mean?

A

Inside

61
Q

What is it called when an animal (aves) used metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature?

A

homeotherm

62
Q

How do birds care for their feathers>

A

Through preeing

63
Q

What is preeing?

A

The process of moving oils from glands at base of tail all over feathers.
it also ‘zips up’ flight and contour feathers

64
Q

True or false:

preeing removes some parasites?

A

True.

65
Q

How do Aves transfer sperm

A

through copulation

They have a cloaca

66
Q

Do aves intromit?

A

No

67
Q

True or false:

Flighlessness has never evolved in Aves

A

False

it has many times

68
Q

Do aves show Parental care?

A

Yes, all Aves show some kind parental care

69
Q

What is it called when young can feed themselves?

A

Precocial

70
Q

What is it called when young cannot feed themselves?

A

altricial

71
Q

What is the importance of Aves?

A 
We eat them (eggs and meat) 
and we use their feathers
We hunt them for sport 
keep them as pets 
and bird watch.

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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