Seed plants, Gamnosperms

Question 1

Seed plants have______ dominant and ___________ dependent

Answer 1

Seed plants have Sporophyte dominant and Gametophyte dependent.

Question 2

What are the five innovations of seed plants?

Answer 2

1. Independent sporophyte and dependent gametophyte
2. Heterospory
3. Ovules
4. Pollen
5. Seeds

Question 3

What is a “Heterospory”

Answer 3

A seed plant produces two sizes of spores.

Megaspores and microspores

Question 4

What are ovules?

Answer 4

• A megaspore retained within parent sporophyte.

Question 5

What is pollen?

Answer 5

• A Microspore that develops into pollen grains

Question 6

What is a seed?

Answer 6

Fertilized ovule develops into seed. Containing Next generation sporophyte.

Question 7

True or false:

Within Seed Plants the Gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

How is a female Gametophyte developed?

Answer 8

Via Motosis from a megaspore.

Question 9

When a Female gametophyte is being produced, where is the (1n) stage produced?

Answer 9

Within sporophyte megasporangium.

Question 10

After the (2n) stage of a female Gametophyte is produced, what is it wrapped in?

Answer 10

integuments.

Question 11

integuments + megasporangium + megaspore =

Answer 11

Ovule

Question 12

What are the three componants of a Ovule?

Answer 12

Integuments
Megasporangium
megaspore.

Question 13

is a Mircrospore 1n or 2n?

Answer 13

1n

Question 14

Where is the microspore contained?

Answer 14

inside the 2n microsporeangium, which is retained on the parent sporophyte

Question 15

How are Male Gametophytes produced?

Answer 15

Through mitosis of microspores

Question 16

What is ‘immature pollen’?

Answer 16

tiny 1n male gametophytes.

Question 17

how many cells are within a pollen grain at MINIMUM?

Answer 17

2 cells.

Question 18

What are pollen grains coated in that makes them resilient?

Answer 18

Sporopellenin?

Question 19

What happens when pollen reaches an ovule?

Answer 19

They ‘pollenate’ and then ‘fertilize’ the ovule.

Question 20

How is pollen usually packed within a plant?

Answer 20

as single grains or small clumps of 4-16 grains.

Question 21

How do orchids and milkweeds pack their pollen?

Answer 21

they clump them together in groups of 1000-1,000,000 grains.

Question 22

What are the clumps of pollen created by orchids and milkweed called?

Answer 22

Pollinia

Question 23

What aspect of pollen causes an allergenic response in people?

Answer 23

the proteins associated with the sporopollenin coat.

protective layer that makes them hardy and tough

Question 24

in non-seed plants, it is the single-celled sperm that goes in search of eggs. Within seed plants, it is the _________ that goes must reach the egg.

Answer 24

Entire Male Gametophyte.

Question 25

A Sporophyte embryo in gametophyte tissues in parent sporophyte wrapping is a........?

Answer 25

Seed

Question 26

What is the "dispersal stage" of seed plants?

Answer 26

The seed.

Question 27

What is the "Dispersal stage" of non-seed plants?

Answer 27

a spore.

Question 28

When did the first seed plants occur in the fossil record?

Answer 28

360 MYA

Question 29

How many "main" clades of extant seed plants exist today?

Answer 29

Two

Question 30

What are the clades of the seed plants found today?

Answer 30

Gymnoperms and Angiosperms

Question 31

What does the root word "Gymnos" mean?

Answer 31

Naked

Question 32

What does the root word "sperm" mean?

Answer 32

Seed

Question 33

What does the root word "angio" mean?

Answer 33

Container, vessel.

Question 34

When was the first Gymnosperm found?

Answer 34

305 MYA

Question 35

When was the first angiosperm found?

Answer 35

125 MYA

Question 36

gymnosperms and angiosperms probably arose from different __________________ ancestors.

Answer 36

progymnosperm

Question 37

What characterizes a Gymnosperm?

Answer 37

seeds that is relatively 'naked' | ie. ovule and seed lie on surface of sporophyll.

Question 38

What is the normal shape for a gymnosperm sporophyll?

Answer 38

A stroblia (cone)

Question 39

What are the 4 extant phyla of Gymnosperms?

Answer 39

- Ginkophyta - Gentophyta - Cycadophyta - Coniferophyta.

Question 40

Although the relationships between the 4 extant phyla of gymnosperm is not clear, they do appear to make up a __________ group.

Answer 40

Monophyletic.

Question 41

How many extant species with the Phylum of Ginkophyta are there?

Answer 41

1 - Ginko biloba

Question 42

Within Ginkophyta, what is a key characteristic of their sperm?

Answer 42

Flagellated sperm.

Question 43

What are the madisonal uses of Ginkophyta leaves?

Answer 43

they are used increase blood flow (proven), and improve memory (not proven).

Question 44

How many Extant specises of Cycadophyta exist?

Answer 44

roughly 130 species

Question 45

Where are Cycadophyta found?

Answer 45

They are tropical areas, growing no taller than 1m high.

Question 46

When were the Cycadophyta most dominant and diverse?

Answer 46

during the Mesozoic era.

Question 47

What is a unique characteristic about Cycadophyta's sperm?

Answer 47

Much like the Ginkophyta, the sperm is Flagellated.

Question 48

What is the key way that Cycadophta seed are distributed.

Answer 48

Through birds/animals dropping them places.

Question 49

How many Extnet species of Gnetophyta exist?

Answer 49

there are three Genera with about 76 extant spp.

Question 50

What are the three main Genera?

Answer 50

Gnetum - 35 spp. Weleitschia - 1 spp in Africa. Ephedra - 40 spp

Question 51

Some species of Epthedra contain alkioids called ________ and ________ that caused bronchi dilation.

Answer 51

Eqphedrine and pseudoephedrine.

Question 52

How many specises of Coniferophyta exist?

Answer 52

This is the most species rich phylum with around 600 extant species.

Question 53

What does the root word "fer" mean?

Answer 53

To bear.

Question 54

What is special about Coniferophyta?

Answer 54

some of the species can live up to 3000 years old.

Question 55

Most Coniferophyta are ________, and do not drop their leaves in autumn seasons.

Answer 55

Evergreen.

Question 56

Some Coniferophyta are _______ and drop their leaves in the winter

Answer 56

deciduous.

Question 57

what insects are responsible for the mass eradication of Coniferophyta across Canada?

Answer 57

Bark beetles.

Question 58

What is a defense Conifers have that protect them from insects?

Answer 58

Pitch (resin)