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Bio 108 > Lecture 13 - Fungi 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Fungi 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Through molecular data, what kingdom is closest to fungi?

A

Animalia

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2
Q

What is the name of the clade that includes fungi and animals?

A

opisthokonta

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3
Q

What does the root word “opistho” mean?

A

Posterior

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4
Q

True or false:

the fossil record of fungi is very complete and used for relative dating.

A

False

it is rather poor

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5
Q

When is it thought that fungis transferred to land

A

around 475 MYA

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6
Q

What is one of the possible forms that fungi may have taken when first transferring from water to land?

A

Symbionts

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7
Q

What does the root word “myc” mean?

A

Fungas

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8
Q

All fungus are _______________trophs

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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9
Q

How do fungi digest their food?

A

Through external digestion.

fungi secrete powerful enzymes outside their bodies.

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10
Q

What can fungi digest from both plant and animal tissues?

A

From plants: cellulose and lignin

from animals: Chitin and keratin.

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11
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

A

Chitin

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12
Q

The bodies of most fungi are comprised of what?

A

Hyphae

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13
Q

What is the interwoven hyphal mat called?

A

Mycelium

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14
Q

Within fungi, mycelium acts as a _____ network

A

Feeding

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15
Q

What are the two main types of hyphae?

A

Sepate and coenocytic

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16
Q

What are sepate hyphae?

A

cross-walls (septa) that divide cells into separate chambers.

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17
Q

What are Cienicytic hyphae?

A

Coencytic lack walls, and are just continuous cytoplasum with hundreds or thousands of nuclei.

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18
Q

What does the root word “coen” mean?

A

Communal

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19
Q

What is the functional purpose of filamentous structures within fungi?

A

Allows for large surface area:volume ratio.

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20
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

They reproduce through the generation of spores, both asexually and sexually.

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21
Q

The nuclei and spores of non-chytrid fungi are always ________

A

Haploid

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22
Q

How do non-chytrid fungi reproduce?

A

Through the generation of single-celled diploid zygote formed within sexual reproduction.

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23
Q

True or false:

Hyphae only grow in width and nit in length.

A

False.

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24
Q

The single celled diploid zygote of non-chytrid fungi is _______

A

transient

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25
Q

Do fungi have gametes?

A

No (aside from a select few chytrids)

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26
Q

Do fungi have sexes?

A

Nope.

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27
Q

for the lucky few fungi that do have sex, how do they do it? ;)

A

The mycelia from genetically different individuals fuse.

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28
Q

The fusion of fungal cytoplasm is called…

A

plasmogamy

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29
Q

a mycelium with 2 or more different genotypes of separate nuclei is called a __________.

A

Heterokaryon

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30
Q

What is it called when two genetically different nuclei move in to inhabit and share one hyphal compartment?

A

Dikaryotic

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31
Q

What is it called when two nuclei fuse?

A

karyogamy.

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32
Q

What are the advantages of long-term maintenance of the dikaryotic state?

A

Flaws in one hapliod genome can be compensated for by teh good regions in the other genome.

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33
Q

What fungal phylum contains chytridion?

A

Chyidiomycota

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34
Q

What does ‘Chytridion’ mean?

A

Flower pot

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35
Q

What is unique among all fungi found within chyidiomycota?

A

A flagellated stage.

36
Q

What fungal phylum has a flagellated stage?

A

Chytridiomycota.

37
Q

What fungal phylum undergoes alternation of generations?

A

Chytridiomycota.

38
Q

Are Chytridiomycota monophyletic?

A

No they are not.

39
Q

what are the Chytridiomycota cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

40
Q

What is the digestive method of Chytridiomycota?

A

Absorptive mode of nutrition

41
Q

Why do Chytridiomycota suck so much

A

They are linked to the global decline of amphibians,

They eat the FROGS!!!!

42
Q

What is the fungal phylum that starts with Z

A

Zygomycota

43
Q

What does the root word “zygo” mean?

A

joined/yoked/twinned.

44
Q

True or false:

Zygomycota are monophyletic

A

False

They are not.

45
Q

What is the latin name for the Zygomycota fugal species called “black bread mold”

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

46
Q

What is the most common mold?

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

47
Q

What type of hyphae do Zygomycota have?

A

Coenocytic

48
Q

Do Zygomycota reproduce asexually or sexually?

A

They reproduce asexually when conditions are good.

And sexually when things get bad.

49
Q

Can Fungi mate with the same mating type?

A

Nope

only with different types.

50
Q

How do you distinguish between fungi mating types?

A

Although morphologically the same, they produce different chemical markers.

51
Q

How do Zygomycota reproduce?

A

The hyphae of the mating types grow towards each other.

A small separate region develops at tip of each hypha

52
Q

What is a gametangium?

A

the region/tip of the Zygomycota that is involved in sexual reproduction.

53
Q

do gametangium have gametes?

A

nope.

54
Q

What happens once sexual reproduction occurs in Zygomycota?

A

thick walled Zygosporangium develops.

55
Q

True or false:

Zygosporangium can contain several nuclei from each mating type

A

True

56
Q

what happens within a Zygosporangiumthat leads to the production of several mini 2N zygotes?

A

Karyogamy.

57
Q

When conditions become good, zygotes within Zygomycota enegage in _____ and repeat ________ to produce stalked 1n sporangium.

A

Meiosis

Mitosis

58
Q

What fungal phylum is defined by its symbiotic relationship between roots and plants?

A

Glomeromycota

59
Q

What is it called when Glomeromycota hyphae link with roots?

A

Arbuscular endomyccorhiza

60
Q

What does the root word “arb” mean?

A

Tree

61
Q

What fungal Phylum is defined by its feature to sexually produce spores in sac lie Asci?

A

Ascomycota

62
Q

What is special about the hyphae within Ascomycota?

A

they have septate hyphae with pores that allow nuclei to pass through

63
Q

Ascomycota are generally found in groups, what are these groups called?

A

ascocarps

64
Q

What does the root word “carp” mean?

A

Fruit.

65
Q

How do Ascomycota reproduce asexually?

A

By repeatedly walling off tips of hyphae into fragments called Conidia

66
Q

What are structures bearing conidia called?

A

Conidiophore.

67
Q

What is antheridium?

A

The donation of nuclei

68
Q

what type of hyphae are produced in mass?

A

Dikaryotic hyphae.

69
Q

What is a Viola? (within Ascomycota)

A

8 neatly arranged nuclei, each of which becomes an ascospore.

70
Q

What is the fungi Phlyum that goes by the common name ‘club fungi’

A

Basidiomycota

71
Q

What does the root word ‘basidium’ mean?

A

pedestal

72
Q

What role does Basidiomycota play in the wild?

A

very important decompersers of dead plant matter, especially lignin.

73
Q

Basidiomycota has a typically long lasting ______ ___________ within its life cycle.

A

Dikaryotic mycelium.

74
Q

For Basidiomycota, when conditions are good, how do they reproduce?

A

Spore production produces sexual fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.

75
Q

Basidiomycota have gilled ridges (common mushroom) what are they called? and where are they located?

A

The Basidiomycota have a cap, and under it they have gills

76
Q

What are Basidiomycota gills lined with?

A

Basidia

77
Q

What are the characteristics of mature Basidiomycota

A

based topped with 4 basidiospores, each containing one of the haploid nuclei resulting from meiosis.

78
Q

What are the two fungi that reproduces purely asexually?

A

Molds and yeasts.

79
Q

What is unique about molds?

A

They rapidly grow, asexually reproducing fungi that grow as hyphae.

80
Q

What is the only mold type growth form that is known?

A

Fungi imperfecti

81
Q

What is unique about yeasts?

A

Yeasts are unicelluar fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats.

Yeasts reproduce asexually by pinching off bed cells from parent cells.

82
Q

What are Mycorrhizae?

A

Mycorrhizae represent mutualistic symbioses of plant roots and fungi.

83
Q

What are Lichen?

A

A lichen is a symbiotic mixture of fungal hyphae and photosynthetic partners.

84
Q

What is it called when fungi live in their own? (Lichen species)

A

It is called being lichenized and non-lichenized versions.

each representing a fungal partner.

85
Q

Asexual reproduction of lichen occurs through _______

A

soredia

86
Q

What is Soredia?

A

hyphae clasping algal/cyanobacterial cell.

Bio 108 (24 decks)

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