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PHYCH > Ch. 2 lect > Flashcards

Ch. 2 lect Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

accommodation

A

changing a scheme as a result of some new information

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2
Q

assimilation

A

process of using a scheme to make sense of an event or experience

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3
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of the role of heredity in individual differences

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4
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences

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5
Q

bioecological theory

A

Bronofenbrenner’s theory that explains development in terms of relationships b/t individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts

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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that results from the association of stimuli

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7
Q

cognitive theories

A

theories that emphasize mental processes in development, such as logic and memory

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8
Q

eclecticism

A

the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and supply human development

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9
Q

ego

A

according to freud, the thinking element of personality

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10
Q

equilibration

A

process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment

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11
Q

ethology

A

a perspective on development that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved though natural selection

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12
Q

extinction

A

gradual elimination of a behavior though repeated nonreinforcement

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13
Q

id

A

in Freud’s theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person’s basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain

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14
Q

information-processing theory

A

a theoretical perspective that use the computer as a model toe explain how the mind manages information

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15
Q

learning theories

A

theories asserting that development results from an accumulation of experiences

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16
Q

neo-Piagetian theory

A

an approach that uses information processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget

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17
Q

observational leanring or modeling

A

leanring that results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior

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18
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences

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19
Q

psychoanalytic theories

A

theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior

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20
Q

psychosexual stages

A

Freud’s 5 of personality development though which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage

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21
Q

psychosocial stages

A

Erikson’s 8 stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural and social demands to shape personality

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22
Q

punishment

A

anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop

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23
Q

reinforcement

A

anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated

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24
Q

scheme

A

in Piaget’s theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance

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25
sociobiology
the study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalists, as approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival
26
sociocultural theory
Vygotsky's view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than an individuals private explorations
27
supergo
Freud's term for the part of personality that is the moral judge
28
sigmund Freud
viennese physician who originated psychoanalytic theories
29
libido
the internal drive for physical pleasure
30
oral
according to Freud, sate of life from birth to one year, during which the focus of the libido is on the mouth, lips, and tongue. Major developmental task of this stage is weaning
31
anal
according to Freud, stage of life from 1-3, during which the focus of the libido is on the anus. Major developmental task of this stage is toilet training.
32
phallic
according to Freud, stage of life from 3-6 during which the focus of the libido is the genitals. major developmental task of this stage is resolving oedipus/electra complex.
33
latency
according to Freud, stage of life from 6-12 during which the libido is not focused on any part of the body. major developmental task during this stage includes developing defense mechanisms and identifying w/ same-sex peers.
34
genital
according to Freud stage of life around 12 during which the libido is once again focused on the genitals. Major developmental task of this stage is achieving mature sexual intimacy.
35
oedipus/electra complex
denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrate upon a child's desire to sexually possess his/her mother, and kill his/her father
36
erik erikson
neo-Freudian theorist who has had greatest influence on study of development. he thought development resulted from interaction b/t internal drives and cultural demands' thus; his theory refers to psychosocial stages, which unlike Freud's continue though the entire lifespan.
37
trust vs. mistrust
erikson. stage of life from birth 1 year during which successful resolution of a crisis results in hope; trust in primary caregiver and in one's own ability to make things happen (secure attachment to caregiver is key)
38
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
erikson. stage of lie from 1-3 during which successful resolution of a crisis results in will; new physical skills lead to demand for more choices, most often seen as saying "no" to caregivers; child learns self-care skills such as toileting
39
initiative vs. guilt
erikson. stage of life from 3-6 during which successful resolution of a crisis results in purpose; ability to organize activities around some goal; more assertiveness and aggressiveness (oedipus conflict w/ parent of same sex may lead to guilt)
40
industry vs. inferiority
erikson. stage of life from 6-12 during which successful resolution of a crisis results in competence; cultural skills and norms, including school skills and tool use (failure to master these leads to sense of inferiority).
41
identity vs. role confusion
erikson. stage of life from 12-18 during which successful resolution of a crisis results in fidelity; adaptation of sense of self to pubertal changes, consideration of future choices, achievement of a more mature sexual identity, and search for new values
42
intimacy vs. isolation
erikson. stage of life from 18-30 during which successful resolution of crisis results in love; persons develop intimate relationships beyond adolescent love; many become parents.
43
generatively vs. stagnation
erikson. stage of life from 30 to late adulthood, during which successful resolution of a crisis results in care; people rear children, focus on occupational achievement or creativity, and train the next generation; turn outward from the self towards others
44
integrity vs. despair
erikson. stage of life in late adulthood, during which successful resolution of a crisis results in wisdom; person conducts a life review, integrates earlier stage and comes to terms with basic identity; develops self-acceptance
45
john watson
psychologist who offered ideas about human development that were very different from those of Freud and other psychoanalysis's
46
reflex
biologically programmed stimulus response connection
47
positive reinforcement
occurs when an individual learn so perform specific behavior in order to cause something unpleasant to stop
48
partial reinforcement
reinforcement of a behavior on some occasions but no other
49
sensorimotor stage
according to Piaget, stage of life from birth to 18 months, during which baby understands world though her sense and her motor actions; she begins to use simple symbols, such as single words and pretend play, near end of this period
50
preoperational stage
according to Piaget, the stage of life from 18-6 years, during which by age 2 child can use symbols both to think and to communicate; by end of this stage he develops abilities to take others POV, classify objects, and use simple logic
51
concrete operational stage
according to Piaget, the stage of life from 6-12 during which the child logic takes a great leap forward with tthe development of new internal operations, such as conversation and class inclusions, but is still tied to the known world; by end of period he can reason about simple "what if" questions
52
formal operational stage
according to Paget, stage of life from 12 on, during which child beings to manipulate ideas as well as objects; she thinks hypothetically and by adulthood, can easily manage a variety of "what if" questions ;she greatly improves her ability to organize ideas and objects mentally
53
scaffolding
when an adult (or more skilled child) structures the child's learning experience
54
zone of proximal development
developmental level
55
ecological theories
emphasize relationship b/t individuals and the settings in which they develop
56
imprinting
newborns of some species learn to recognize characteristics of a protective organism w/in the first hours of life
57
macrosystem
according to Branfenbrenner, the outermost circle (culture context) containing the values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is growing up
58
exosystem
according to Branfenbrenner, the socioeconomic context that includes institutions of he culture that affect the children's development indirectly
59
microsystem
according to Branfenbrenner, the immediate context which includes those variables to which people are exposed directly, such as their families, schools, religious institutions, and neighborhoods.
60
mesosystem
according to Branfenbrenner, is made up of the interconnections between all components (macrosystem, exosystem, and microsystem).
61
albert bandura
learning theorist whose ideas are more influential among developmental psychologists than those of the conditioning theorists, argued that learning does not always require reinforcement
62
jean piaget
swill devlopmentalist who focused his research on the development of logical thinking in children
63
Lev vygotsky
proposed the sociocultural theory in which he believed that children's learning of new cognitive skills is guided by an adult
64
Urie Branfenbrenner
propose bioecological theory in an attempt to classify all the individual and contextual variables that affect development and to specify how they interact

PHYCH (22 decks)

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